Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review
The presence of cyanotoxins and its bioaccumulation in the food chain is an increasingly common problem worldwide. Despite the toxic effects produced by Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), this neurotoxin has been less studied compared to microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Studies conducted under labo...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/12/861 |
| _version_ | 1797455113507307520 |
|---|---|
| author | Cristina Plata-Calzado Ana I. Prieto Ana M. Cameán Angeles Jos |
| author_facet | Cristina Plata-Calzado Ana I. Prieto Ana M. Cameán Angeles Jos |
| author_sort | Cristina Plata-Calzado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The presence of cyanotoxins and its bioaccumulation in the food chain is an increasingly common problem worldwide. Despite the toxic effects produced by Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), this neurotoxin has been less studied compared to microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Studies conducted under laboratory conditions are of particular interest because these provide information which are directly related to the effects produced by the toxin. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) considers the ATX-a toxicological database inadequate to support the publication of a formal guideline reference value. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to compile all of the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> toxicological studies performed so far and to identify potential data gaps. Results show that the number of reports is increasing in recent years. However, more <i>in vitro</i> studies are needed, mainly in standardized neuronal cell lines. Regarding <i>in vivo</i> studies, very few of them reflect conditions occurring in nature and further studies with longer periods of oral exposure would be of interest. Moreover, additional toxicological aspects of great interest such as mutagenicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and alteration of hormonal balance need to be studied in depth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-97b24b7739c44f8ba82d9fa60282cefe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:46:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-97b24b7739c44f8ba82d9fa60282cefe2023-11-24T18:27:03ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-12-01141286110.3390/toxins14120861Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A ReviewCristina Plata-Calzado0Ana I. Prieto1Ana M. Cameán2Angeles Jos3Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, SpainArea of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, SpainArea of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, SpainArea of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, SpainThe presence of cyanotoxins and its bioaccumulation in the food chain is an increasingly common problem worldwide. Despite the toxic effects produced by Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), this neurotoxin has been less studied compared to microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Studies conducted under laboratory conditions are of particular interest because these provide information which are directly related to the effects produced by the toxin. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) considers the ATX-a toxicological database inadequate to support the publication of a formal guideline reference value. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to compile all of the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> toxicological studies performed so far and to identify potential data gaps. Results show that the number of reports is increasing in recent years. However, more <i>in vitro</i> studies are needed, mainly in standardized neuronal cell lines. Regarding <i>in vivo</i> studies, very few of them reflect conditions occurring in nature and further studies with longer periods of oral exposure would be of interest. Moreover, additional toxicological aspects of great interest such as mutagenicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and alteration of hormonal balance need to be studied in depth.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/12/861Anatoxin-a<i>in vitro</i><i>in vivo</i>toxicitylaboratory studies |
| spellingShingle | Cristina Plata-Calzado Ana I. Prieto Ana M. Cameán Angeles Jos Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review Toxins Anatoxin-a <i>in vitro</i> <i>in vivo</i> toxicity laboratory studies |
| title | Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review |
| title_full | Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review |
| title_short | Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review |
| title_sort | toxic effects produced by anatoxin a under laboratory conditions a review |
| topic | Anatoxin-a <i>in vitro</i> <i>in vivo</i> toxicity laboratory studies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/12/861 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cristinaplatacalzado toxiceffectsproducedbyanatoxinaunderlaboratoryconditionsareview AT anaiprieto toxiceffectsproducedbyanatoxinaunderlaboratoryconditionsareview AT anamcamean toxiceffectsproducedbyanatoxinaunderlaboratoryconditionsareview AT angelesjos toxiceffectsproducedbyanatoxinaunderlaboratoryconditionsareview |