Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications
Magnetically responsive, mechanically stable and highly flexible iron (III) oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF) piezoelectric composite fiber mats were fabricated via one step electrospinning method for magnetic sensing at cryogenic temperature. T...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-07-01
|
| Series: | Textiles |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/1/2/11 |
| _version_ | 1797513076505837568 |
|---|---|
| author | Tonoy Chowdhury Nandika D’Souza Diana Berman |
| author_facet | Tonoy Chowdhury Nandika D’Souza Diana Berman |
| author_sort | Tonoy Chowdhury |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Magnetically responsive, mechanically stable and highly flexible iron (III) oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF) piezoelectric composite fiber mats were fabricated via one step electrospinning method for magnetic sensing at cryogenic temperature. The properties of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF composite fiber mats were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> and magnetization test. The fiber diameter decreased as the concentration of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> increased. The DSC results suggested a decrease in the crystallinity of the composite fiber mats after adding Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, and the XRD curves identified that the decrease in crystallinity took place in the <i>β</i> crystalline phases of the fibers. FT-IR results further confirmed the reduction of <i>β</i> phases of the composite fiber mats which dropped the piezoelectric response of the fiber mats by 38% for 5% Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF than PVDF fiber but still 400% higher than PVDF pellets. The magnetization test advocated a superparamagnetic state of the fiber at room temperature but a ferromagnetic behavior at a lower temperature. The coercivity values of the mats suggested a homogeneous dispersion of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles into the PVDF matrix. Young’s modulus (<i>E</i>) of the fibers remained the same before and after the magnetization test, indicating the mechanical stability of the fiber in the range of 5 K to 300 K. Its mechanical stability, superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature and ferromagnetic at low temperature could open up its application in spintronic devices at cryogenic temperature and cryogenic power electronic devices. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-97be79c5a99b4963acb04dbde464091a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-7248 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Textiles |
| spelling | doaj.art-97be79c5a99b4963acb04dbde464091a2023-11-22T20:11:57ZengMDPI AGTextiles2673-72482021-07-011222723810.3390/textiles1020011Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor ApplicationsTonoy Chowdhury0Nandika D’Souza1Diana Berman2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USADepartment of Material Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USAMagnetically responsive, mechanically stable and highly flexible iron (III) oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF) piezoelectric composite fiber mats were fabricated via one step electrospinning method for magnetic sensing at cryogenic temperature. The properties of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF composite fiber mats were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> and magnetization test. The fiber diameter decreased as the concentration of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> increased. The DSC results suggested a decrease in the crystallinity of the composite fiber mats after adding Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, and the XRD curves identified that the decrease in crystallinity took place in the <i>β</i> crystalline phases of the fibers. FT-IR results further confirmed the reduction of <i>β</i> phases of the composite fiber mats which dropped the piezoelectric response of the fiber mats by 38% for 5% Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF than PVDF fiber but still 400% higher than PVDF pellets. The magnetization test advocated a superparamagnetic state of the fiber at room temperature but a ferromagnetic behavior at a lower temperature. The coercivity values of the mats suggested a homogeneous dispersion of the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles into the PVDF matrix. Young’s modulus (<i>E</i>) of the fibers remained the same before and after the magnetization test, indicating the mechanical stability of the fiber in the range of 5 K to 300 K. Its mechanical stability, superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature and ferromagnetic at low temperature could open up its application in spintronic devices at cryogenic temperature and cryogenic power electronic devices.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/1/2/11magnetic sensorpiezoelectriccryogenicPVDFFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>hysteresis |
| spellingShingle | Tonoy Chowdhury Nandika D’Souza Diana Berman Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications Textiles magnetic sensor piezoelectric cryogenic PVDF Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> hysteresis |
| title | Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications |
| title_full | Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications |
| title_fullStr | Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications |
| title_short | Electrospun Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PVDF Nanofiber Composite Mats for Cryogenic Magnetic Sensor Applications |
| title_sort | electrospun fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub pvdf nanofiber composite mats for cryogenic magnetic sensor applications |
| topic | magnetic sensor piezoelectric cryogenic PVDF Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> hysteresis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7248/1/2/11 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tonoychowdhury electrospunfesub3subosub4subpvdfnanofibercompositematsforcryogenicmagneticsensorapplications AT nandikadsouza electrospunfesub3subosub4subpvdfnanofibercompositematsforcryogenicmagneticsensorapplications AT dianaberman electrospunfesub3subosub4subpvdfnanofibercompositematsforcryogenicmagneticsensorapplications |