Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis
Extended abstract1- Introduction Regional planning aiming at promoting development and decreasing inequality is considered among important issues in developing countries. Necessary for regional planning is to identify the position of regions toward each other with respect to development. Decreasing...
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University of Isfahan
2013-01-01
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| Online Access: | http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/gep/browse.php?a_id=807&sid=1&slc_lang=en |
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| author | M. Taghvaei I. Bahari |
| author_facet | M. Taghvaei I. Bahari |
| author_sort | M. Taghvaei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extended abstract1- Introduction Regional planning aiming at promoting development and decreasing inequality is considered among important issues in developing countries. Necessary for regional planning is to identify the position of regions toward each other with respect to development. Decreasing inequality in enjoyment of national resources, findings and facilities is one of the basic criteria for development. In addition to growth in all directions, the concept of development involves balanced distribution. The balanced distribution of facilities and services is a step toward removing regional differences and proportionate distribution of population in a region.The Balanced development of geographical spaces requires accurate and comprehensive examination of economical, social and cultural issues, better recognition of society needs and their improvement. Therefore, ranking of regions based on enjoyment of various development indices is of common criteria in regional development.Balanced development of geographical spaces requires investigating economical, social, cultural issues carefully and completely and knowing society needs better and improving them. These are subject to the availability of complete, processed statistical data concerning mentioned regions. The way facilities and services distributed in the regions become apparent through comparatively investigating different economical, social and spatial indexes in different regions in comparison. Indices may reveal the condition of different geographical areas comparatively and they may rank and prioritize these regions in terms of facilities and shortages (Zali, 1379, p.5). Lack of balance in the procedure of development causes creating gap among regions and intensifying regional inequalities, which in turn, is considered as a barrier on the path of development. Therefore, to study socio-economical inequalities among country or province regions is of essential and basic measures in economical growth together with social justice, affecting the allocation of resources with the aim of solving regional inequalities. 2- MethodologyConcerning investigated factors, dominant approach in this study is descriptive-analytical and research method is applied-developmental. Research population consists of Mazandaran Province's townships. To collect data, 1386 (2005) statistical calendar of the province and Iranian Statistics Center were made use of. In the current study, every index was calculated for all townships through factor analysis and cluster analysis using SPSS and EXCEL. Then, development levels, inequalities and differences among townships were calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, those development levels were drawn on maps. 3- DiscussionTo analyze development indices in Mazandaran Province, after converting 105 selected indices to statistical analyzing, 88 statistical indices in 9 main sectors (educational, medical and health, population and human force, logistics and communication, social-administrative and welfare services, fundamental services and facilities, mine and industry, socio-cultural and agricultural) were determined for proper factor analysis and factor analysis technique was done through SPSS. The results of KMO , with more than 70% in development indexes, represented that the indexes in all sectors were proper for performing factor analysis and the result of BartlettS Test of Sphericity was significant. For every sector, the stages of factor analysis were separately employed for 16 townships of the Province. Those stages include: 1.preparing standard matrix, 2.calculating correlation coefficients matrix, 3. Extracting factors, 4.Turning factors using Varimax Method, 5.titling factors, 6.calculating factor points, and 7.ranking townships. After passing factor analysis stages for every sector using obtained factor points, composite index was calculated. Then, townships were ranked in every understudy sector, the most deprived and the most enjoyed townships were specified in every sector and factors effective on the depravity and enjoyment were determined. In the next phase, combined index of 9 sectors was summed up, their average was calculated and composite index was obtained for all development indexes. Furthermore, final rank of townships was achieved. Ultimately, according to the below formula, townships were ranked in development indices: +sd=0.740098 + 0.185285 - -sd= -0.7394In the above formula, average is 0.000347 and Standard Deviation 0.739751. Therefore, the townships were categorized to 5 groups or development levels: So enjoyed townships with points higher than 0.740098, including Savadkooh and Ramsar TownshipsEnjoyed townships with points between 0.185285 and 0.740098, including Babolsar, Noor and Amol TownshipsRelatively enjoyed townships with points between -0.24965 and -0.185285, including Sari, Chaloos and Babol TownshipsDeprived townships with points between -0.7394 and -0. 24965, including Juibar, Behshahr, Mahmoodabad, Noshahr, Tonekabon and Ghaemshahr TownshipsSo deprived townships with points lower than -0.7394, including Galoogah and Neka TownshipsAccording to extracted points and composite index, using cluster analysis technique, homogeneous groups were determined and the townships were ranked. In the present study, hierarchical cluster analysis was made use of for more applications in geographical studies. 4- ConclusionFindings obtained from factor analysis points in sectors understudy and composite index resulted from their points indicate that there are differences among townships of Mazandaran Province in such a way that the most deprived and the most enjoyed townships has a difference higher than 3.06 points. In 88 indexes understudy, Savadkooh with 1.937 and Neka with -1.124 obtained first and last rank respectively in the composite index and were recognized as the most enjoyed and most deprived townships. Generally speaking, in accordance for factor analysis points and composite index, townships' development levels in 5 levels are as below:So enjoyed level: Savadkooh and Ramsar TownshipsEnjoyed level: Babolsar, Noor and Amol TownshipsRelatively enjoyed level: Sari, Chaloos and Babol TownshipsDeprived level: Juibar, Behshahr, Mahmoodabad, Noshahr, Tonekabon and Ghaemshahr TownshipsSo deprived level: Galoogah and Neka TownshipsTherefore, Findings showed that 12.5% townships are in so enjoyed level, 18.75% in enjoyed level, 18.75% in relatively enjoyed level, 37.5% in deprived level and 12.5% in so deprived level. Findings indicate that townships' ranks are different in various sectors. In educational, medical and health, mine and industry, fundamental services and facilities, logistics and communications, Savadkooh is considered as the most enjoyed township. In socio-cultural, administrative, social and welfare services, Ramsar, in population and human forces, Noshahr and in agricultural, mahmoodabad are considered as the most deprived townships. Savadkooh in population and human forces, Neka in medical and health, Galoogah in fundamental services and facilities, Mahmoodabad in socio-cultural, Juibar in educational, Chaloos in agricultural and mine and industry, Babol in administrative, social and welfare services and Behshahr in logistics and communication are considered as the most deprived townships in the Province. So, only Savadkooh is the most enjoyed township in more sectors. Ultimately, Savadkooh is the most enjoyed and Neka is the most deprived township (Table 1). This ranking indicates that Mazandaran townships have spatial inequality with respect to development indices. Table 1. The Results of the Most Enjoyed and the Most Deprived Townships in Different SectorsIndexesMost EnjoyedMost DeprivedTownshipPointTownshipRankEducationSavadkooh4.34Juibar-1.53Medical and HealthSavadkooh4.34Neka-2.98Population and Human ForcesNoshahr3.09Savadkooh-2.23Logistics and CommunicationsSavadkooh3.13Behshahr-2.46administrative, social and welfare servicesRamsar4.09Babol-1.93Fundamental Services and FacilitiesSavadkooh2.66Galoogah-4.01Mine and IndustrySavadkooh3.76Chaloos-2.38Socio-economicRamsar3.91Mahmoodabad-1.86AgriculturalMahmoodabad4.63Chaloos-4.24(Authors, 2009) Findings of cluster analysis technique reveal that townships are in 5 homogeneous groups. Savadkooh is in the first group and has high points in medical and health, mine and industry, logistics and communications and fundamental services and facilities. The second group consists of Ramsar and Chaloos. The third group includes Amol, Babol, Babolsar, Juibar, Sari, MAhmoodabad and Noor. The fourth group contains Behshahr, Tonekabon, Ghaemshahr, Neka and Noshahr. Furthermore, with lower points in most indices, Galoogah is in the fifth group. This ranking shows that spaces in one rank have much similarity with each other, but have considerable difference with spaces in other ranks. Key Words: Development, Inequality, Development Levels, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Mazandaran ProvinceReferencesAsayesh, H. (2004). Principles and Methods of Rural Planning, Tehran: Payam Noor University Press, Sixth Edition, 195pGharabaghian, M. (1996). Economic of Growth and Development, Tehran: Nashr Ney Press, Second Edition, 1103pHekmatnia, H., M.N.Mousavi. (2004). Study and Analysis of Changes Trend in Development Levels and Regional Imbalances in Yazd Province (1355-1375), Journal of Geography and Development, Vol 4: 101-112Hekmatnia, H., M.N.Mousavi. (2006). Model Application in Geography With Emphasis on Urban and Regional Planning, Yazd: Elm Novin Press, First Edition, 320pHosseinzadeh Dalir, K. (2005). Regional Planning, Tehran: Samt Press, Fourth Edition, 253pJirvand, A. (1996). Economical Development (Perspectives Collections), Tehran: Noor Hekmat Press, Third Edition, 200pJoao, Oliveira, S. Maria, Manuela, L.(2001). A Multivariate Methodology to Uncover Regional Disparities. European Journal of Operational Research, Vol 145: 121-135Kalantari, KH. (2001). Planning and Regional Development (Theories and Techniques), Tehran: Khoshbin Press, First Edition, 290pKalantari, KH. (2008). Data Processing and Analysis in Socio- Economic Research, Tehran: Farhang Saba Press, Third Edition, 388pKim. J., A. Mooler., Charlz. (2002). Introduction to Factor Analysis and How to Use It, Translated By: S. Bakhtiari., H. Talebi, Isfahan: University of University of Isfahan Press, First Edition, 112pKline, P. (2002). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis, Translated By: M.V, Alini., M. Mirsendesi, Tehran: University of Emam Hossein Press, First Edition, 202pMolaeii. M. (2007). Comparison the Development Degree of Services and Social Welfare Sector in Iran Provinces During 1373-1383 Years, Journal of Social Welfare Quarterly, Vol 24: 241-258Molaeii. M. (2008). Study and Comparison the Development Degree of Agricultural Sector in Iran Provinces During 1373-1383 Years, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Vol 63: 71-88Mousavi. M.N. (2003). Assessing Development Degree of Iran Regional, M.A Thesis, Supervisor: Ph.D Ziari, Keramatallah, University of Yazd, Faculty of Geography, Department of Geography and Urban PlanningMousavi. M.N., H. Hekmatnia. (2006). Factor Analysis and Indices Combination for Determining Effective Factors in Human Development in Iran Regions, Journal of Geography and Development, Vol 6: 55-69Papoli Yazdi,M.H., H. Rajabi Senajerdi. (2003). City and Suburb Theories, Tehran: Samt Press, First Edition, 378pPapoli Yazdi,M.H., M.A. Ebrahimi. (2002). Rural Development Theories, Tehran: Samt Press, First Edition, 306pSabbagh Kermani, M. (2001). Regional Economics(Theory and Models), Tehran: Samt Press, First Edition, 419pSarrafi, M. (2000). The Fundamentals of Regional Development Planning, Tehran: Management and Planning Organization of Iran Press, Second Edition, 202pStatistical Center of Iran. (2006). Detailed Results of The Population and Housing Census Province Mazandaran, Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran Press, First Edition, 144pTaghvaei, M., S. Gaed Rahmati. (2006). Analysis of Cultural Development Indices in Iran Provinces, Journal of Geography and Regional Development, Vol 7: 117-132Talebi, H., A.Zangi Abadi. (2001). Analysis of Human Development Indices: Identifying the Contributing Factors in main Cities, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol 60: 124-142Zali, N. (2001). Regional Development Ranking (Case Study: East Azerbaijan Province), M.A Thesis, Supervisor: Ph.D Seyfoddini Faranak, University of Shiraz, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of UrbanismZiari, K (2000). Assessing Degree of Cultural Development in Iran Provinces, Journal Social Sciences Letter, Vol 16: 91-104Ziari, K., E.Jalalian. (2008). Comparison of Fars Province Townships Based on Indices (1976-1996), Journal of Geography and Development, Vol 11: 77-96 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-97dd4b94ad154314bd72ae44f366498e2023-08-02T01:58:29ZfasUniversity of Isfahanجغرافیا و برنامهریزی محیطی2008-53622252-09102013-01-012341538Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster AnalysisM. TaghvaeiI. BahariExtended abstract1- Introduction Regional planning aiming at promoting development and decreasing inequality is considered among important issues in developing countries. Necessary for regional planning is to identify the position of regions toward each other with respect to development. Decreasing inequality in enjoyment of national resources, findings and facilities is one of the basic criteria for development. In addition to growth in all directions, the concept of development involves balanced distribution. The balanced distribution of facilities and services is a step toward removing regional differences and proportionate distribution of population in a region.The Balanced development of geographical spaces requires accurate and comprehensive examination of economical, social and cultural issues, better recognition of society needs and their improvement. Therefore, ranking of regions based on enjoyment of various development indices is of common criteria in regional development.Balanced development of geographical spaces requires investigating economical, social, cultural issues carefully and completely and knowing society needs better and improving them. These are subject to the availability of complete, processed statistical data concerning mentioned regions. The way facilities and services distributed in the regions become apparent through comparatively investigating different economical, social and spatial indexes in different regions in comparison. Indices may reveal the condition of different geographical areas comparatively and they may rank and prioritize these regions in terms of facilities and shortages (Zali, 1379, p.5). Lack of balance in the procedure of development causes creating gap among regions and intensifying regional inequalities, which in turn, is considered as a barrier on the path of development. Therefore, to study socio-economical inequalities among country or province regions is of essential and basic measures in economical growth together with social justice, affecting the allocation of resources with the aim of solving regional inequalities. 2- MethodologyConcerning investigated factors, dominant approach in this study is descriptive-analytical and research method is applied-developmental. Research population consists of Mazandaran Province's townships. To collect data, 1386 (2005) statistical calendar of the province and Iranian Statistics Center were made use of. In the current study, every index was calculated for all townships through factor analysis and cluster analysis using SPSS and EXCEL. Then, development levels, inequalities and differences among townships were calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, those development levels were drawn on maps. 3- DiscussionTo analyze development indices in Mazandaran Province, after converting 105 selected indices to statistical analyzing, 88 statistical indices in 9 main sectors (educational, medical and health, population and human force, logistics and communication, social-administrative and welfare services, fundamental services and facilities, mine and industry, socio-cultural and agricultural) were determined for proper factor analysis and factor analysis technique was done through SPSS. The results of KMO , with more than 70% in development indexes, represented that the indexes in all sectors were proper for performing factor analysis and the result of BartlettS Test of Sphericity was significant. For every sector, the stages of factor analysis were separately employed for 16 townships of the Province. Those stages include: 1.preparing standard matrix, 2.calculating correlation coefficients matrix, 3. Extracting factors, 4.Turning factors using Varimax Method, 5.titling factors, 6.calculating factor points, and 7.ranking townships. After passing factor analysis stages for every sector using obtained factor points, composite index was calculated. Then, townships were ranked in every understudy sector, the most deprived and the most enjoyed townships were specified in every sector and factors effective on the depravity and enjoyment were determined. In the next phase, combined index of 9 sectors was summed up, their average was calculated and composite index was obtained for all development indexes. Furthermore, final rank of townships was achieved. Ultimately, according to the below formula, townships were ranked in development indices: +sd=0.740098 + 0.185285 - -sd= -0.7394In the above formula, average is 0.000347 and Standard Deviation 0.739751. Therefore, the townships were categorized to 5 groups or development levels: So enjoyed townships with points higher than 0.740098, including Savadkooh and Ramsar TownshipsEnjoyed townships with points between 0.185285 and 0.740098, including Babolsar, Noor and Amol TownshipsRelatively enjoyed townships with points between -0.24965 and -0.185285, including Sari, Chaloos and Babol TownshipsDeprived townships with points between -0.7394 and -0. 24965, including Juibar, Behshahr, Mahmoodabad, Noshahr, Tonekabon and Ghaemshahr TownshipsSo deprived townships with points lower than -0.7394, including Galoogah and Neka TownshipsAccording to extracted points and composite index, using cluster analysis technique, homogeneous groups were determined and the townships were ranked. In the present study, hierarchical cluster analysis was made use of for more applications in geographical studies. 4- ConclusionFindings obtained from factor analysis points in sectors understudy and composite index resulted from their points indicate that there are differences among townships of Mazandaran Province in such a way that the most deprived and the most enjoyed townships has a difference higher than 3.06 points. In 88 indexes understudy, Savadkooh with 1.937 and Neka with -1.124 obtained first and last rank respectively in the composite index and were recognized as the most enjoyed and most deprived townships. Generally speaking, in accordance for factor analysis points and composite index, townships' development levels in 5 levels are as below:So enjoyed level: Savadkooh and Ramsar TownshipsEnjoyed level: Babolsar, Noor and Amol TownshipsRelatively enjoyed level: Sari, Chaloos and Babol TownshipsDeprived level: Juibar, Behshahr, Mahmoodabad, Noshahr, Tonekabon and Ghaemshahr TownshipsSo deprived level: Galoogah and Neka TownshipsTherefore, Findings showed that 12.5% townships are in so enjoyed level, 18.75% in enjoyed level, 18.75% in relatively enjoyed level, 37.5% in deprived level and 12.5% in so deprived level. Findings indicate that townships' ranks are different in various sectors. In educational, medical and health, mine and industry, fundamental services and facilities, logistics and communications, Savadkooh is considered as the most enjoyed township. In socio-cultural, administrative, social and welfare services, Ramsar, in population and human forces, Noshahr and in agricultural, mahmoodabad are considered as the most deprived townships. Savadkooh in population and human forces, Neka in medical and health, Galoogah in fundamental services and facilities, Mahmoodabad in socio-cultural, Juibar in educational, Chaloos in agricultural and mine and industry, Babol in administrative, social and welfare services and Behshahr in logistics and communication are considered as the most deprived townships in the Province. So, only Savadkooh is the most enjoyed township in more sectors. Ultimately, Savadkooh is the most enjoyed and Neka is the most deprived township (Table 1). This ranking indicates that Mazandaran townships have spatial inequality with respect to development indices. Table 1. The Results of the Most Enjoyed and the Most Deprived Townships in Different SectorsIndexesMost EnjoyedMost DeprivedTownshipPointTownshipRankEducationSavadkooh4.34Juibar-1.53Medical and HealthSavadkooh4.34Neka-2.98Population and Human ForcesNoshahr3.09Savadkooh-2.23Logistics and CommunicationsSavadkooh3.13Behshahr-2.46administrative, social and welfare servicesRamsar4.09Babol-1.93Fundamental Services and FacilitiesSavadkooh2.66Galoogah-4.01Mine and IndustrySavadkooh3.76Chaloos-2.38Socio-economicRamsar3.91Mahmoodabad-1.86AgriculturalMahmoodabad4.63Chaloos-4.24(Authors, 2009) Findings of cluster analysis technique reveal that townships are in 5 homogeneous groups. Savadkooh is in the first group and has high points in medical and health, mine and industry, logistics and communications and fundamental services and facilities. The second group consists of Ramsar and Chaloos. The third group includes Amol, Babol, Babolsar, Juibar, Sari, MAhmoodabad and Noor. The fourth group contains Behshahr, Tonekabon, Ghaemshahr, Neka and Noshahr. Furthermore, with lower points in most indices, Galoogah is in the fifth group. This ranking shows that spaces in one rank have much similarity with each other, but have considerable difference with spaces in other ranks. Key Words: Development, Inequality, Development Levels, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Mazandaran ProvinceReferencesAsayesh, H. (2004). Principles and Methods of Rural Planning, Tehran: Payam Noor University Press, Sixth Edition, 195pGharabaghian, M. (1996). Economic of Growth and Development, Tehran: Nashr Ney Press, Second Edition, 1103pHekmatnia, H., M.N.Mousavi. (2004). Study and Analysis of Changes Trend in Development Levels and Regional Imbalances in Yazd Province (1355-1375), Journal of Geography and Development, Vol 4: 101-112Hekmatnia, H., M.N.Mousavi. (2006). Model Application in Geography With Emphasis on Urban and Regional Planning, Yazd: Elm Novin Press, First Edition, 320pHosseinzadeh Dalir, K. (2005). Regional Planning, Tehran: Samt Press, Fourth Edition, 253pJirvand, A. (1996). Economical Development (Perspectives Collections), Tehran: Noor Hekmat Press, Third Edition, 200pJoao, Oliveira, S. Maria, Manuela, L.(2001). A Multivariate Methodology to Uncover Regional Disparities. European Journal of Operational Research, Vol 145: 121-135Kalantari, KH. (2001). Planning and Regional Development (Theories and Techniques), Tehran: Khoshbin Press, First Edition, 290pKalantari, KH. (2008). Data Processing and Analysis in Socio- Economic Research, Tehran: Farhang Saba Press, Third Edition, 388pKim. J., A. Mooler., Charlz. (2002). Introduction to Factor Analysis and How to Use It, Translated By: S. Bakhtiari., H. Talebi, Isfahan: University of University of Isfahan Press, First Edition, 112pKline, P. (2002). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis, Translated By: M.V, Alini., M. Mirsendesi, Tehran: University of Emam Hossein Press, First Edition, 202pMolaeii. M. (2007). Comparison the Development Degree of Services and Social Welfare Sector in Iran Provinces During 1373-1383 Years, Journal of Social Welfare Quarterly, Vol 24: 241-258Molaeii. M. (2008). Study and Comparison the Development Degree of Agricultural Sector in Iran Provinces During 1373-1383 Years, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Vol 63: 71-88Mousavi. M.N. (2003). Assessing Development Degree of Iran Regional, M.A Thesis, Supervisor: Ph.D Ziari, Keramatallah, University of Yazd, Faculty of Geography, Department of Geography and Urban PlanningMousavi. M.N., H. Hekmatnia. (2006). Factor Analysis and Indices Combination for Determining Effective Factors in Human Development in Iran Regions, Journal of Geography and Development, Vol 6: 55-69Papoli Yazdi,M.H., H. Rajabi Senajerdi. (2003). City and Suburb Theories, Tehran: Samt Press, First Edition, 378pPapoli Yazdi,M.H., M.A. Ebrahimi. (2002). Rural Development Theories, Tehran: Samt Press, First Edition, 306pSabbagh Kermani, M. (2001). Regional Economics(Theory and Models), Tehran: Samt Press, First Edition, 419pSarrafi, M. (2000). The Fundamentals of Regional Development Planning, Tehran: Management and Planning Organization of Iran Press, Second Edition, 202pStatistical Center of Iran. (2006). Detailed Results of The Population and Housing Census Province Mazandaran, Management and Planning Organization of Mazandaran Press, First Edition, 144pTaghvaei, M., S. Gaed Rahmati. (2006). Analysis of Cultural Development Indices in Iran Provinces, Journal of Geography and Regional Development, Vol 7: 117-132Talebi, H., A.Zangi Abadi. (2001). Analysis of Human Development Indices: Identifying the Contributing Factors in main Cities, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol 60: 124-142Zali, N. (2001). Regional Development Ranking (Case Study: East Azerbaijan Province), M.A Thesis, Supervisor: Ph.D Seyfoddini Faranak, University of Shiraz, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Department of UrbanismZiari, K (2000). Assessing Degree of Cultural Development in Iran Provinces, Journal Social Sciences Letter, Vol 16: 91-104Ziari, K., E.Jalalian. (2008). Comparison of Fars Province Townships Based on Indices (1976-1996), Journal of Geography and Development, Vol 11: 77-96http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/gep/browse.php?a_id=807&sid=1&slc_lang=enDevelopmentInequalityDevelopment LevelsFactor AnalysisCluster AnalysisMazandaran Province |
| spellingShingle | M. Taghvaei I. Bahari Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis جغرافیا و برنامهریزی محیطی Development Inequality Development Levels Factor Analysis Cluster Analysis Mazandaran Province |
| title | Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis |
| title_full | Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis |
| title_short | Assessing Development Degree and Ranking Townships of Mazandaran Province by Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis |
| title_sort | assessing development degree and ranking townships of mazandaran province by using factor analysis and cluster analysis |
| topic | Development Inequality Development Levels Factor Analysis Cluster Analysis Mazandaran Province |
| url | http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/gep/browse.php?a_id=807&sid=1&slc_lang=en |
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