Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater
Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource whose future scarcity will constrain agricultural sustainability. Thus, to ensure this sustainability, a circular economy approach involving the use of recycled P sources is needed. The objective of this study was to assess the fertilizer effect of two recy...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1513 |
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| author | Tolulope Ayeyemi Ramiro Recena Ana María García-López Antonio Delgado |
| author_facet | Tolulope Ayeyemi Ramiro Recena Ana María García-López Antonio Delgado |
| author_sort | Tolulope Ayeyemi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource whose future scarcity will constrain agricultural sustainability. Thus, to ensure this sustainability, a circular economy approach involving the use of recycled P sources is needed. The objective of this study was to assess the fertilizer effect of two recycled P products that can be obtained from water purification: vivianites and struvites. Five vivianites (one synthetic, one obtained from industrial process, and three from water purification) and two struvites (named A and B) from diverse origins were compared with soluble mineral P fertilizer (superphosphate) in a pot experiment using wheat at two P rates (50 and 100 mg P kg<sup>−1</sup>) in two Mediterranean soils. Struvites performed similarly to superphosphate and outperformed all types of vivianites in terms of dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake. Industrial and synthetic vivianites, led to higher DM yield and P uptake by plants than vivianites from water purification. Synthetic and industrial process vivianites increased Olsen P in soils after harvesting, relative to non-fertilized soils. Differences between vivianites can be explained by the different Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>3+</sup> ratios, the different crystal sizes, and morphology. Struvite B can replace 65–92% superphosphate on a P uptake basis, and 94–154% on a DM yield basis (the range depends on the P rate). Vivianite from industrial process can replace 54–75% of superphosphate on a DM basis, depending on the P rate. Thus, struvites were as efficient as superphosphate as P fertilizer. However, the results obtained with industrial process vivianite are promising with a view to its potential use in agriculture. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:51:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-97e74f49235647b09cfc39a9b7ceb9ab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:51:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-97e74f49235647b09cfc39a9b7ceb9ab2023-11-18T08:54:17ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-05-01136151310.3390/agronomy13061513Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from WastewaterTolulope Ayeyemi0Ramiro Recena1Ana María García-López2Antonio Delgado3Department of Agronomy, University of Seville, ETSIA, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, SpainDepartment of Agronomy, University of Seville, ETSIA, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, SpainDepartment of Agronomy, University of Seville, ETSIA, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, SpainDepartment of Agronomy, University of Seville, ETSIA, Ctra. Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, SpainPhosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource whose future scarcity will constrain agricultural sustainability. Thus, to ensure this sustainability, a circular economy approach involving the use of recycled P sources is needed. The objective of this study was to assess the fertilizer effect of two recycled P products that can be obtained from water purification: vivianites and struvites. Five vivianites (one synthetic, one obtained from industrial process, and three from water purification) and two struvites (named A and B) from diverse origins were compared with soluble mineral P fertilizer (superphosphate) in a pot experiment using wheat at two P rates (50 and 100 mg P kg<sup>−1</sup>) in two Mediterranean soils. Struvites performed similarly to superphosphate and outperformed all types of vivianites in terms of dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake. Industrial and synthetic vivianites, led to higher DM yield and P uptake by plants than vivianites from water purification. Synthetic and industrial process vivianites increased Olsen P in soils after harvesting, relative to non-fertilized soils. Differences between vivianites can be explained by the different Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>3+</sup> ratios, the different crystal sizes, and morphology. Struvite B can replace 65–92% superphosphate on a P uptake basis, and 94–154% on a DM yield basis (the range depends on the P rate). Vivianite from industrial process can replace 54–75% of superphosphate on a DM basis, depending on the P rate. Thus, struvites were as efficient as superphosphate as P fertilizer. However, the results obtained with industrial process vivianite are promising with a view to its potential use in agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1513biobased fertilizervivianitestruvitewater purification |
| spellingShingle | Tolulope Ayeyemi Ramiro Recena Ana María García-López Antonio Delgado Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater Agronomy biobased fertilizer vivianite struvite water purification |
| title | Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater |
| title_full | Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater |
| title_fullStr | Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater |
| title_full_unstemmed | Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater |
| title_short | Circular Economy Approach to Enhance Soil Fertility Based on Recovering Phosphorus from Wastewater |
| title_sort | circular economy approach to enhance soil fertility based on recovering phosphorus from wastewater |
| topic | biobased fertilizer vivianite struvite water purification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1513 |
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