Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks
The leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter in the context of monitoring the development of tree crowns and plants in general. As parameters such as carbon assimilation, environmental stress on carbon, and the water fluxes within tree canopies are correlated to the leaves surface, this parameter is...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/5048 |
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| author | Laura Maria Comella Florian Bregler Eiko Hager Markus Anys Johannes Klueppel Stefan J. Rupitsch Christiane Werner Peter Woias |
| author_facet | Laura Maria Comella Florian Bregler Eiko Hager Markus Anys Johannes Klueppel Stefan J. Rupitsch Christiane Werner Peter Woias |
| author_sort | Laura Maria Comella |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter in the context of monitoring the development of tree crowns and plants in general. As parameters such as carbon assimilation, environmental stress on carbon, and the water fluxes within tree canopies are correlated to the leaves surface, this parameter is essential for understanding and modeling ecological processes. However, its continuous monitoring using manual state-of-the-art measurement instruments is still challenging. To address this challenge, we present an innovative sensor concept to obtain the LAI based on the cheap and easy to integrate multi-channel spectral sensor AS7341. Additionally, we present a method for processing and filtering the gathered data, which enables very high accuracy measurements with an nRMSE of only 0.098, compared to the manually-operated state-of-the-art instrument LAI-2200C (LiCor). The sensor that is embedded on a sensor node has been tested in long-term experiments, proving its suitability for continuous deployment over an entire season. It permits the estimation of both the plant area index (PAI) and leaf area index (LAI) and provides the first wireless system that obtains the LAI solely powered by solar cells. Its energy autonomy and wireless connectivity make it suitable for a massive deployment over large areas and at different levels of the tree crown. It may be upgraded to allow the parallel measurement of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and light quality, relevant parameters for monitoring processes within tree canopies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:31:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-97eb18f3dd4d40c88f061d94c37d96f0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:31:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-97eb18f3dd4d40c88f061d94c37d96f02023-11-30T22:28:54ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-07-012213504810.3390/s22135048Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing NetworksLaura Maria Comella0Florian Bregler1Eiko Hager2Markus Anys3Johannes Klueppel4Stefan J. Rupitsch5Christiane Werner6Peter Woias7Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyHydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79085 Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyEcosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyThe leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter in the context of monitoring the development of tree crowns and plants in general. As parameters such as carbon assimilation, environmental stress on carbon, and the water fluxes within tree canopies are correlated to the leaves surface, this parameter is essential for understanding and modeling ecological processes. However, its continuous monitoring using manual state-of-the-art measurement instruments is still challenging. To address this challenge, we present an innovative sensor concept to obtain the LAI based on the cheap and easy to integrate multi-channel spectral sensor AS7341. Additionally, we present a method for processing and filtering the gathered data, which enables very high accuracy measurements with an nRMSE of only 0.098, compared to the manually-operated state-of-the-art instrument LAI-2200C (LiCor). The sensor that is embedded on a sensor node has been tested in long-term experiments, proving its suitability for continuous deployment over an entire season. It permits the estimation of both the plant area index (PAI) and leaf area index (LAI) and provides the first wireless system that obtains the LAI solely powered by solar cells. Its energy autonomy and wireless connectivity make it suitable for a massive deployment over large areas and at different levels of the tree crown. It may be upgraded to allow the parallel measurement of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and light quality, relevant parameters for monitoring processes within tree canopies.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/5048wireless sensor networkleaf area indexlong term deployment |
| spellingShingle | Laura Maria Comella Florian Bregler Eiko Hager Markus Anys Johannes Klueppel Stefan J. Rupitsch Christiane Werner Peter Woias Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks Sensors wireless sensor network leaf area index long term deployment |
| title | Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks |
| title_full | Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks |
| title_fullStr | Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks |
| title_short | Estimation of Leaf Area Index with a Multi-Channel Spectral Micro-Sensor for Wireless Sensing Networks |
| title_sort | estimation of leaf area index with a multi channel spectral micro sensor for wireless sensing networks |
| topic | wireless sensor network leaf area index long term deployment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/5048 |
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