Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber
Most rubbers used today rely on sulphur as a cross-linking agent and carbon black from fossil resources to modify the mechanical properties. A very promising substitute can be found in natural keratins such as feathers. These are not only tough, but also contain a relevant amount of sulphur in the f...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/22/3908 |
| _version_ | 1797508669423747072 |
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| author | Markus Brenner Oliver Weichold |
| author_facet | Markus Brenner Oliver Weichold |
| author_sort | Markus Brenner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most rubbers used today rely on sulphur as a cross-linking agent and carbon black from fossil resources to modify the mechanical properties. A very promising substitute can be found in natural keratins such as feathers. These are not only tough, but also contain a relevant amount of sulphur in the form of disulphide bridges. The present study shows that these can be activated under vulcanisation conditions and then bind covalently to EPDM rubber to form a cross-linked network. Feathers were cut into lengths of 0.08, 0.2, and 1 mm and incorporated at 38, 69, or 100 phr into EPDM mixtures containing either no carbon black or no carbon black nor sulphur. The presence of feather cuttings increases the tensile and compressive strength as well as the hardness, and reduces the rebound resilience. Due to their high (approximately 17%) nitrogen content, the feathers also improve the thermal stability of the composite, as the main degradation step is shifted from 400 °C to 470 °C and the decomposition is significantly slowed down. Since elastomers are a large market and feathers in particular are a high-volume waste, the combination of these two offers enormous ecological and economic prospects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:07:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-97faad3c5e4549d9bc2abe5f4ae891f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:07:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-97faad3c5e4549d9bc2abe5f4ae891f32023-11-23T01:08:34ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-11-011322390810.3390/polym13223908Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene RubberMarkus Brenner0Oliver Weichold1Institute of Building Materials Research, Schinkelstraße 3, 52072 Aachen, GermanyInstitute of Building Materials Research, Schinkelstraße 3, 52072 Aachen, GermanyMost rubbers used today rely on sulphur as a cross-linking agent and carbon black from fossil resources to modify the mechanical properties. A very promising substitute can be found in natural keratins such as feathers. These are not only tough, but also contain a relevant amount of sulphur in the form of disulphide bridges. The present study shows that these can be activated under vulcanisation conditions and then bind covalently to EPDM rubber to form a cross-linked network. Feathers were cut into lengths of 0.08, 0.2, and 1 mm and incorporated at 38, 69, or 100 phr into EPDM mixtures containing either no carbon black or no carbon black nor sulphur. The presence of feather cuttings increases the tensile and compressive strength as well as the hardness, and reduces the rebound resilience. Due to their high (approximately 17%) nitrogen content, the feathers also improve the thermal stability of the composite, as the main degradation step is shifted from 400 °C to 470 °C and the decomposition is significantly slowed down. Since elastomers are a large market and feathers in particular are a high-volume waste, the combination of these two offers enormous ecological and economic prospects.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/22/3908keratincompositebio-based rubber additivebio-based fillercross-linking fillerwaste reduction |
| spellingShingle | Markus Brenner Oliver Weichold Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber Polymers keratin composite bio-based rubber additive bio-based filler cross-linking filler waste reduction |
| title | Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber |
| title_full | Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber |
| title_fullStr | Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber |
| title_short | Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber |
| title_sort | poultry feather waste as bio based cross linking additive for ethylene propylene diene rubber |
| topic | keratin composite bio-based rubber additive bio-based filler cross-linking filler waste reduction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/22/3908 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT markusbrenner poultryfeatherwasteasbiobasedcrosslinkingadditiveforethylenepropylenedienerubber AT oliverweichold poultryfeatherwasteasbiobasedcrosslinkingadditiveforethylenepropylenedienerubber |