Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a potential risk factor for the development of COVID-19 and is associated with higher severity and mortality rates. T2DM patients are commonly treated with metformin monotherapy or metformin plus sitagliptin. In the present case-control, single-center cohort study,...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1361 |
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| author | Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy Ali I. Al-Gareeb Sarah M. Albogami Sabatier Jean-Marc Eman Hassan Nadwa Amin A. Hafiz Walaa A. Negm Marwa Kamal Mohammed Al-Jouboury Engy Elekhnawy Gaber El-Saber Batiha Michel De Waard |
| author_facet | Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy Ali I. Al-Gareeb Sarah M. Albogami Sabatier Jean-Marc Eman Hassan Nadwa Amin A. Hafiz Walaa A. Negm Marwa Kamal Mohammed Al-Jouboury Engy Elekhnawy Gaber El-Saber Batiha Michel De Waard |
| author_sort | Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a potential risk factor for the development of COVID-19 and is associated with higher severity and mortality rates. T2DM patients are commonly treated with metformin monotherapy or metformin plus sitagliptin. In the present case-control, single-center cohort study, a total number of 112 T2DM patients suffering from COVID-19 and aged 44–62 years old were compared with 78 T2DM patients without COVID-19 and aged 42–56 years old. Both the patient group and the control group were allocated into four groups. Group A: T2DM patients with COVID-19 on metformin treatments plus standard therapy (<i>n</i> = 60); group B: T2DM patients with COVID-19 on metformin plus sitagliptin plus standard therapy (<i>n</i> = 52); group C: T2DM patients without COVID-19 on metformin treatments (<i>n</i> = 40); and group D: T2DM patients without COVID-19 on metformin plus sitagliptin (<i>n</i> = 38). The investigation duration was 2–3 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, serological and biochemical investigations, pulmonary radiological findings, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Only 101 T2DM patients with COVID-19 continued the study, 71 (70.29%) with mild-moderate COVID-19 and 30 (29.7%) with severe COVID-19 were compared with 78 T2DM patients as a control. Inflammatory biomarkers (C reactive protein, ferritin, and procalcitonin), a lung injury biomarker (lactate dehydrogenase), and a coagulopathy biomarker (D-dimer) were elevated in severe COVID-19 patients compared with mild-moderate COVID-19 (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and T2DM patients (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, metformin plus sitagliptin was more effective than metformin monotherapy in T2DM patients with COVID-19, as evidenced by the mitigation of oxidative stress, CT scan score, and clinical outcomes. The present study confirmed the protective effects of this combination against the development of COVID-19 severity, as most T2DM COVID-19 patients develop mild-moderate forms. Herein, the combination of metformin and sitagliptin may lead to more beneficial effects than metformin monotherapy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:45:14Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:45:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-980699ed2e2c4ab29756403082c59b5f2023-11-24T06:18:45ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472022-11-011511136110.3390/ph15111361Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy0Ali I. Al-Gareeb1Sarah M. Albogami2Sabatier Jean-Marc3Eman Hassan Nadwa4Amin A. Hafiz5Walaa A. Negm6Marwa Kamal7Mohammed Al-Jouboury8Engy Elekhnawy9Gaber El-Saber Batiha10Michel De Waard11Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad 14132, IraqDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad 14132, IraqDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaAix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR 7051, Faculté des sciences médi-cales et paramédicales, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptClinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, EgyptDepartment of Community Medicine and Statistics, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad 10071, IraqPharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, EgyptSmartox Biotechnology, 6 Rue des Platanes, 38120 Saint-Egrève, FranceType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a potential risk factor for the development of COVID-19 and is associated with higher severity and mortality rates. T2DM patients are commonly treated with metformin monotherapy or metformin plus sitagliptin. In the present case-control, single-center cohort study, a total number of 112 T2DM patients suffering from COVID-19 and aged 44–62 years old were compared with 78 T2DM patients without COVID-19 and aged 42–56 years old. Both the patient group and the control group were allocated into four groups. Group A: T2DM patients with COVID-19 on metformin treatments plus standard therapy (<i>n</i> = 60); group B: T2DM patients with COVID-19 on metformin plus sitagliptin plus standard therapy (<i>n</i> = 52); group C: T2DM patients without COVID-19 on metformin treatments (<i>n</i> = 40); and group D: T2DM patients without COVID-19 on metformin plus sitagliptin (<i>n</i> = 38). The investigation duration was 2–3 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, serological and biochemical investigations, pulmonary radiological findings, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Only 101 T2DM patients with COVID-19 continued the study, 71 (70.29%) with mild-moderate COVID-19 and 30 (29.7%) with severe COVID-19 were compared with 78 T2DM patients as a control. Inflammatory biomarkers (C reactive protein, ferritin, and procalcitonin), a lung injury biomarker (lactate dehydrogenase), and a coagulopathy biomarker (D-dimer) were elevated in severe COVID-19 patients compared with mild-moderate COVID-19 (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and T2DM patients (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, metformin plus sitagliptin was more effective than metformin monotherapy in T2DM patients with COVID-19, as evidenced by the mitigation of oxidative stress, CT scan score, and clinical outcomes. The present study confirmed the protective effects of this combination against the development of COVID-19 severity, as most T2DM COVID-19 patients develop mild-moderate forms. Herein, the combination of metformin and sitagliptin may lead to more beneficial effects than metformin monotherapy.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1361cytokinesdiabetes mellitusmetforminSARS-CoV-2sitagliptin |
| spellingShingle | Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy Ali I. Al-Gareeb Sarah M. Albogami Sabatier Jean-Marc Eman Hassan Nadwa Amin A. Hafiz Walaa A. Negm Marwa Kamal Mohammed Al-Jouboury Engy Elekhnawy Gaber El-Saber Batiha Michel De Waard Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19 Pharmaceuticals cytokines diabetes mellitus metformin SARS-CoV-2 sitagliptin |
| title | Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19 |
| title_full | Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19 |
| title_short | Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Metformin Alone and in Combination with Sitagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with COVID-19 |
| title_sort | potential therapeutic benefits of metformin alone and in combination with sitagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes patients with covid 19 |
| topic | cytokines diabetes mellitus metformin SARS-CoV-2 sitagliptin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1361 |
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