The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district
Introduction The Halab Zn–Pb (Ag) deposit, 125-km southwest of Zanjan, is located in the Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district (TTAMD), Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Several types of deposits are present in the TTAMD, including nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposits, sediment-hosted epithermal gold depo...
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Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Economic Geology |
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| Online Access: | https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40222.html?lang=en |
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| author | Fatemeh Karami Hossein Kouhestani Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari Amir Morteza Azimzadeh |
| author_facet | Fatemeh Karami Hossein Kouhestani Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari Amir Morteza Azimzadeh |
| author_sort | Fatemeh Karami |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction
The Halab Zn–Pb (Ag) deposit, 125-km southwest of Zanjan, is located in the Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district (TTAMD), Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Several types of deposits are present in the TTAMD, including nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposits, sediment-hosted epithermal gold deposits, epithermal precious and base metal deposits, skarn and volcano-sedimentary iron deposits, and massive sulfide Pb-Zn (Ag) deposits. The most important deposits discovered to date within the TTAMD are the Angouran nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposit (Gilg et al., 2006; Boni et al., 2007; Daliran et al., 2013), Zarshuran sediment-hosted epithermal gold deposit (Mehrabi et al., 1999; Asadi et al., 2000; Daliran et al., 2002), and Agdar’reh epithermal gold deposit (Daliran, 2008). Other important deposits or occurrences include Touzlar, Ay Qalasi, Arabshah, Qozlou, Shahrak, Goorgoor, Mianaj, and Halab (Heidari et al., 2015; Mohammadi Niaei et al., 2015; Najafzadeh et al., 2017; Nafisi et al., 2019).
To date, no detailed study has been reported to understand the characteristics of Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization at the Halab deposit. This paper presents the geologic framework, mineralization characteristics, and lithogeochemical signatures of the Halab deposit with emphasis on ore genesis. Identification of these characteristics can serve as a model for exploration of Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization in the Halab area and other parts of the TTAMD.
Materials and methods
Detailed field work was carried out in the Halab deposit. Sixteen polished-thin and thin sections from host rocks and ore horizon were studied by conventional petrographic and mineralogic methods at the University of Zanjan. In addition, a total of 10 samples from barren host rocks and ore horizon at the Halab deposit were analyzed by ICP–MS for trace elements and REE compositions at Zarazma Co., Tehran, Iran.
Results and Discussion
The host rocks in the Halab area consist of Precambrian deformed metamorphic rocks (equal to the Kahar Formation) that are unconformably overlain by dolomitic marble of the Jangoutaran unit. The metamorphic sequence is composed of pelitic (garnet mica schist, biotite muscovite schist, calcite biotite schist), mafic (biotite amphibole schist and actinolite schist), and felsic (quartz schist) schists intercalated with marble, and quartzite. These rocks are metamorphosed in green schist to amphibolite facies.
Mineralization in the Halab deposit occurs as NE-trending foliation-parallel Zn‒Pb (Ag) stratiform horizon hosted by quartz schist units. The ore horizon reaches up to 300 m in length and 3 to 5 m in width, and it is generally 75° SE dipping. Chloritization and silicification of the host rocks are close to the ore horizon, while the sericitic alteration is envelope of the chloritization and silicification. Sphalerite, galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite are the main sulfide minerals in the Halab deposit based on mineralography. Smithsonite, cerussite, chalcocite, covellite and goethite have formed as supergene minerals. Quartz, calcite, chlorite and epidote also present as gangue minerals. The ore minerals show laminated, disseminated, massive, brecciated, replacement and vein-veinlet textures. Chondrite-nonmineralized REE pattern of barren quartz schist host rocks and mineralized samples indicate that mineralized samples are enriched in REE.
The main characteristics of the Halab deposit reveal that Zn‒Pb (Ag) mineralization at Halab is comparable with laminated and disseminated parts of Bathurst types of massive sulfide deposits.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the University of Zanjan Grant Commission for research funding. Journal of Economic Geology reviewers and editor are also thanked for their constructive suggestions and improved the early version of manuscript.
References
Asadi, H.H., Voncken, J.H.L., Kühnel, R.A. and Hale, M., 2000. Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Zarshuran Carlin-like gold deposit, northwest Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 5(7): 656–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050269
Boni, M., Gilg, H.A., Balassone, G., Schneider, J., Allen, C.R. and Moore, F., 2007. Hypogene Zn carbonate ores in the Angouran deposit, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 42(8): 799–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0144-4
Daliran, F., 2008. The carbonate rock-hosted epithermal gold deposit of Agdarreh, Takab geothermal field, NW Iran, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 43(4): 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0167-x
Daliran, F., Hofstra, A.H., Walther, J. and Stüben, D., 2002. Aghdarreh and Zarshuran SRHDG deposits, Takab region, NW Iran. Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America (GSA), Denver, USA.
Daliran, F., Pride, K., Walther, W., Berner, Z.A. and Bakker, R.J., 2013. The Angouran Zn (Pb) deposit, NW Iran: Evidence for a two stage, hypogene zinc sulfide-zinc carbonate mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 53: 373–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.02.002
Gilg, H.A., Boni, M., Balassone, G., Allen, C.R., Banks, D. and Moore, F., 2006. Marble-hosted sulphide ores in the Angouran Zn-(Pb-Ag) deposit, NW Iran: interaction of sedimentary brines with a metamorphic core complex. Mineralium Deposita, 41(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0035-5
Heidari, S.M., Daliran, F., Paquette, J.L. and Gasquet, D., 2015. Geology, timing, and genesis of the high sulfidation Au (-Cu) deposit of Touzlar, NW Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 65: 460–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.05.013
Mehrabi, B., Yardley, B.W.D. and Cam, J.R., 1999. Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization at Zarshuran, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 34(7): 673–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050227
Mohammadi Niaei, R., Daliran, F., Nezafati, N., Ghorbani, M., Sheikh Zakariaei, J. and Kouhestani, H., 2015. The Ay Qalasi deposit: An epithermal Pb‒Zn (Ag) mineralization in the Urumieh‒Dokhtar Volcanic Belt of northwestern Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen (Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry), 192(3): 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/2015/0284
Nafisi, R., Kouhestani, H., Mokhtari, M.A.A., Sadeghi, M., 2019. Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic setting of protolite rocks of meta-volcanics in the Halab metamorphic complex (SW Dandy, Zanjan Province). Journal of Economic Geology, 11(2): 211–235. (in Persian with extended English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V11I2.68167
Najafzadeh, M., Ebrahimi, M., Mokhtari, M.A.A. and Kouhestani, H., 2017. The Arabshah occurrence: An epithermal Au–As–Sb Carlin type mineralization in the Takab–Angouran–Takht-e-Soleyman metallogenic zone, western Azerbaijan. Advanced Applied Geological Journal, 6(22): 61–76. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22055/AAG.2016.12709 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-98220515baf8429cb38f11ad600ccdd72022-12-21T23:24:44ZfasFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal of Economic Geology2008-73062021-05-0113116519210.22067/ECONG.V13I1.76448The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic districtFatemeh Karami0Hossein Kouhestani 1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-9042Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari 2Amir Morteza Azimzadeh3Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranIntroduction The Halab Zn–Pb (Ag) deposit, 125-km southwest of Zanjan, is located in the Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district (TTAMD), Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Several types of deposits are present in the TTAMD, including nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposits, sediment-hosted epithermal gold deposits, epithermal precious and base metal deposits, skarn and volcano-sedimentary iron deposits, and massive sulfide Pb-Zn (Ag) deposits. The most important deposits discovered to date within the TTAMD are the Angouran nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposit (Gilg et al., 2006; Boni et al., 2007; Daliran et al., 2013), Zarshuran sediment-hosted epithermal gold deposit (Mehrabi et al., 1999; Asadi et al., 2000; Daliran et al., 2002), and Agdar’reh epithermal gold deposit (Daliran, 2008). Other important deposits or occurrences include Touzlar, Ay Qalasi, Arabshah, Qozlou, Shahrak, Goorgoor, Mianaj, and Halab (Heidari et al., 2015; Mohammadi Niaei et al., 2015; Najafzadeh et al., 2017; Nafisi et al., 2019). To date, no detailed study has been reported to understand the characteristics of Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization at the Halab deposit. This paper presents the geologic framework, mineralization characteristics, and lithogeochemical signatures of the Halab deposit with emphasis on ore genesis. Identification of these characteristics can serve as a model for exploration of Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization in the Halab area and other parts of the TTAMD. Materials and methods Detailed field work was carried out in the Halab deposit. Sixteen polished-thin and thin sections from host rocks and ore horizon were studied by conventional petrographic and mineralogic methods at the University of Zanjan. In addition, a total of 10 samples from barren host rocks and ore horizon at the Halab deposit were analyzed by ICP–MS for trace elements and REE compositions at Zarazma Co., Tehran, Iran. Results and Discussion The host rocks in the Halab area consist of Precambrian deformed metamorphic rocks (equal to the Kahar Formation) that are unconformably overlain by dolomitic marble of the Jangoutaran unit. The metamorphic sequence is composed of pelitic (garnet mica schist, biotite muscovite schist, calcite biotite schist), mafic (biotite amphibole schist and actinolite schist), and felsic (quartz schist) schists intercalated with marble, and quartzite. These rocks are metamorphosed in green schist to amphibolite facies. Mineralization in the Halab deposit occurs as NE-trending foliation-parallel Zn‒Pb (Ag) stratiform horizon hosted by quartz schist units. The ore horizon reaches up to 300 m in length and 3 to 5 m in width, and it is generally 75° SE dipping. Chloritization and silicification of the host rocks are close to the ore horizon, while the sericitic alteration is envelope of the chloritization and silicification. Sphalerite, galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite are the main sulfide minerals in the Halab deposit based on mineralography. Smithsonite, cerussite, chalcocite, covellite and goethite have formed as supergene minerals. Quartz, calcite, chlorite and epidote also present as gangue minerals. The ore minerals show laminated, disseminated, massive, brecciated, replacement and vein-veinlet textures. Chondrite-nonmineralized REE pattern of barren quartz schist host rocks and mineralized samples indicate that mineralized samples are enriched in REE. The main characteristics of the Halab deposit reveal that Zn‒Pb (Ag) mineralization at Halab is comparable with laminated and disseminated parts of Bathurst types of massive sulfide deposits. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the University of Zanjan Grant Commission for research funding. Journal of Economic Geology reviewers and editor are also thanked for their constructive suggestions and improved the early version of manuscript. References Asadi, H.H., Voncken, J.H.L., Kühnel, R.A. and Hale, M., 2000. Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Zarshuran Carlin-like gold deposit, northwest Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 5(7): 656–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050269 Boni, M., Gilg, H.A., Balassone, G., Schneider, J., Allen, C.R. and Moore, F., 2007. Hypogene Zn carbonate ores in the Angouran deposit, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 42(8): 799–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0144-4 Daliran, F., 2008. The carbonate rock-hosted epithermal gold deposit of Agdarreh, Takab geothermal field, NW Iran, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 43(4): 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0167-x Daliran, F., Hofstra, A.H., Walther, J. and Stüben, D., 2002. Aghdarreh and Zarshuran SRHDG deposits, Takab region, NW Iran. Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America (GSA), Denver, USA. Daliran, F., Pride, K., Walther, W., Berner, Z.A. and Bakker, R.J., 2013. The Angouran Zn (Pb) deposit, NW Iran: Evidence for a two stage, hypogene zinc sulfide-zinc carbonate mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 53: 373–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.02.002 Gilg, H.A., Boni, M., Balassone, G., Allen, C.R., Banks, D. and Moore, F., 2006. Marble-hosted sulphide ores in the Angouran Zn-(Pb-Ag) deposit, NW Iran: interaction of sedimentary brines with a metamorphic core complex. Mineralium Deposita, 41(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0035-5 Heidari, S.M., Daliran, F., Paquette, J.L. and Gasquet, D., 2015. Geology, timing, and genesis of the high sulfidation Au (-Cu) deposit of Touzlar, NW Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 65: 460–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.05.013 Mehrabi, B., Yardley, B.W.D. and Cam, J.R., 1999. Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization at Zarshuran, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 34(7): 673–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050227 Mohammadi Niaei, R., Daliran, F., Nezafati, N., Ghorbani, M., Sheikh Zakariaei, J. and Kouhestani, H., 2015. The Ay Qalasi deposit: An epithermal Pb‒Zn (Ag) mineralization in the Urumieh‒Dokhtar Volcanic Belt of northwestern Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen (Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry), 192(3): 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/2015/0284 Nafisi, R., Kouhestani, H., Mokhtari, M.A.A., Sadeghi, M., 2019. Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic setting of protolite rocks of meta-volcanics in the Halab metamorphic complex (SW Dandy, Zanjan Province). Journal of Economic Geology, 11(2): 211–235. (in Persian with extended English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/ECONG.V11I2.68167 Najafzadeh, M., Ebrahimi, M., Mokhtari, M.A.A. and Kouhestani, H., 2017. The Arabshah occurrence: An epithermal Au–As–Sb Carlin type mineralization in the Takab–Angouran–Takht-e-Soleyman metallogenic zone, western Azerbaijan. Advanced Applied Geological Journal, 6(22): 61–76. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22055/AAG.2016.12709https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40222.html?lang=enzn–pb (ag) mineralizationvolcanogenic massive sulfidebathurst typehalabzanjan |
| spellingShingle | Fatemeh Karami Hossein Kouhestani Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari Amir Morteza Azimzadeh The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district Journal of Economic Geology zn–pb (ag) mineralization volcanogenic massive sulfide bathurst type halab zanjan |
| title | The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district |
| title_full | The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district |
| title_fullStr | The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district |
| title_short | The Halab deposit, SW Zanjan: Volcanogenic massive sulfide Zn–Pb (Ag) mineralization, Takab–Takht-e-Soleyman–Angouran metallogenic district |
| title_sort | halab deposit sw zanjan volcanogenic massive sulfide zn pb ag mineralization takab takht e soleyman angouran metallogenic district |
| topic | zn–pb (ag) mineralization volcanogenic massive sulfide bathurst type halab zanjan |
| url | https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_40222.html?lang=en |
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