Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa
Mountain plants, challenged by vegetation time contractions and dynamic changes in environmental conditions, developed adaptations that help them to balance their growth, reproduction, survival, and regeneration. However, knowledge regarding the genetic basis of species adaptation to higher altitude...
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3477 |
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| author | Julia Zaborowska Bartosz Łabiszak Annika Perry Stephen Cavers Witold Wachowiak |
| author_facet | Julia Zaborowska Bartosz Łabiszak Annika Perry Stephen Cavers Witold Wachowiak |
| author_sort | Julia Zaborowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mountain plants, challenged by vegetation time contractions and dynamic changes in environmental conditions, developed adaptations that help them to balance their growth, reproduction, survival, and regeneration. However, knowledge regarding the genetic basis of species adaptation to higher altitudes remain scarce for most plant species. Here, we attempted to identify such corresponding genomic regions of high evolutionary importance in two closely related European pines, <i>Pinus mugo</i> and <i>P. uncinata</i>, contrasting them with a reference lowland relative—<i>P. sylvestris</i>. We genotyped 438 samples at thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, tested their genetic differentiation and population structure followed by outlier detection and gene ontology annotations. Markers clearly differentiated the species and uncovered patterns of population structure in two of them. In <i>P. uncinata</i> three Pyrenean sites were grouped together, while two outlying populations constituted a separate cluster. In <i>P. sylvestris</i>, Spanish population appeared distinct from the remaining four European sites. Between mountain pines and the reference species, 35 candidate genes for altitude-dependent selection were identified, including such encoding proteins responsible for photosynthesis, photorespiration and cell redox homeostasis, regulation of transcription, and mRNA processing. In comparison between two mountain pines, 75 outlier SNPs were found in proteins involved mainly in the gene expression and metabolism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:50:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-983eb0651d5f4a9db37f8c981909dddf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:50:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-983eb0651d5f4a9db37f8c981909dddf2023-11-21T13:05:45ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-03-01227347710.3390/ijms22073477Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine TaxaJulia Zaborowska0Bartosz Łabiszak1Annika Perry2Stephen Cavers3Witold Wachowiak4Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, PolandInstitute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, PolandCentre for Ecology and Hydrology-Edinburgh Site, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UKCentre for Ecology and Hydrology-Edinburgh Site, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UKInstitute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, PolandMountain plants, challenged by vegetation time contractions and dynamic changes in environmental conditions, developed adaptations that help them to balance their growth, reproduction, survival, and regeneration. However, knowledge regarding the genetic basis of species adaptation to higher altitudes remain scarce for most plant species. Here, we attempted to identify such corresponding genomic regions of high evolutionary importance in two closely related European pines, <i>Pinus mugo</i> and <i>P. uncinata</i>, contrasting them with a reference lowland relative—<i>P. sylvestris</i>. We genotyped 438 samples at thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, tested their genetic differentiation and population structure followed by outlier detection and gene ontology annotations. Markers clearly differentiated the species and uncovered patterns of population structure in two of them. In <i>P. uncinata</i> three Pyrenean sites were grouped together, while two outlying populations constituted a separate cluster. In <i>P. sylvestris</i>, Spanish population appeared distinct from the remaining four European sites. Between mountain pines and the reference species, 35 candidate genes for altitude-dependent selection were identified, including such encoding proteins responsible for photosynthesis, photorespiration and cell redox homeostasis, regulation of transcription, and mRNA processing. In comparison between two mountain pines, 75 outlier SNPs were found in proteins involved mainly in the gene expression and metabolism.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3477candidate geneshigh-altitude adaptationsmountain pinesoutlier loci<i>Pinus</i>SNP genotyping array |
| spellingShingle | Julia Zaborowska Bartosz Łabiszak Annika Perry Stephen Cavers Witold Wachowiak Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa International Journal of Molecular Sciences candidate genes high-altitude adaptations mountain pines outlier loci <i>Pinus</i> SNP genotyping array |
| title | Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa |
| title_full | Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa |
| title_fullStr | Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa |
| title_short | Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa |
| title_sort | candidate genes for the high altitude adaptations of two mountain pine taxa |
| topic | candidate genes high-altitude adaptations mountain pines outlier loci <i>Pinus</i> SNP genotyping array |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3477 |
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