Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease
Abstract Augmented reality (AR) apps, in which the virtual and real world are combined, can recreate instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are therefore promising to measure cognition needed for IADL in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) both in the clinic and in the home settings. The prim...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2023-12-01
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| Series: | npj Digital Medicine |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00978-6 |
| _version_ | 1797376784405102592 |
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| author | Marijn Muurling Casper de Boer Srinivasan Vairavan Robbert L. Harms Antonella Santuccione Chadha Ioannis Tarnanas Estefania Vilarino Luis Dorota Religa Martha Therese Gjestsen Samantha Galluzzi Marta Ibarria Sala Ivan Koychev Lucrezia Hausner Mara Gkioka Dag Aarsland Pieter Jelle Visser Anna-Katharine Brem |
| author_facet | Marijn Muurling Casper de Boer Srinivasan Vairavan Robbert L. Harms Antonella Santuccione Chadha Ioannis Tarnanas Estefania Vilarino Luis Dorota Religa Martha Therese Gjestsen Samantha Galluzzi Marta Ibarria Sala Ivan Koychev Lucrezia Hausner Mara Gkioka Dag Aarsland Pieter Jelle Visser Anna-Katharine Brem |
| author_sort | Marijn Muurling |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Augmented reality (AR) apps, in which the virtual and real world are combined, can recreate instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are therefore promising to measure cognition needed for IADL in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) both in the clinic and in the home settings. The primary aim of this study was to distinguish and classify healthy controls (HC) from participants with AD pathology in an early AD stage using an AR app. The secondary aims were to test the association of the app with clinical cognitive and functional tests and investigate the feasibility of at-home testing using AR. We furthermore investigated the test-retest reliability and potential learning effects of the task. The digital score from the AR app could significantly distinguish HC from preclinical AD (preAD) and prodromal AD (proAD), and preAD from proAD, both with in-clinic and at-home tests. For the classification of the proAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.84 [0.75–0.93], AUCat_home = 0.77 [0.61–0.93]) was as good as the cognitive score (AUC = 0.85 [0.78–0.93]), while for classifying the preAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.66 [0.53–0.78], AUCat_home = 0.76 [0.61–0.91]) was superior to the cognitive score (AUC = 0.55 [0.42–0.68]). In-clinic and at-home tests moderately correlated (rho = 0.57, p < 0.001). The digital score was associated with the clinical cognitive score (rho = 0.56, p < 0.001). No learning effects were found. Here we report the AR app distinguishes HC from otherwise healthy Aβ-positive individuals, both in the outpatient setting and at home, which is currently not possible with standard cognitive tests. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T19:43:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9849069b1e0c480cb921133b632c90a4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2398-6352 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T19:43:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | npj Digital Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-9849069b1e0c480cb921133b632c90a42023-12-24T12:29:59ZengNature Portfolionpj Digital Medicine2398-63522023-12-016111010.1038/s41746-023-00978-6Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s diseaseMarijn Muurling0Casper de Boer1Srinivasan Vairavan2Robbert L. Harms3Antonella Santuccione Chadha4Ioannis Tarnanas5Estefania Vilarino Luis6Dorota Religa7Martha Therese Gjestsen8Samantha Galluzzi9Marta Ibarria Sala10Ivan Koychev11Lucrezia Hausner12Mara Gkioka13Dag Aarsland14Pieter Jelle Visser15Anna-Katharine Brem16Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmcAlzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmcJanssen Research & Development, LLCAltoida Inc.Altoida Inc.Altoida Inc.Centre de la mémoire, Université de Genève (UNIGE), Hôpitaux Universitaires de GenèveCenter for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska InstitutetCentre for Age-related Medicine, Stavanger University HospitalLaboratory Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliAce Alzheimer Center Barcelona – Universitat Internacional de CatalunyaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of OxfordCentral Institute for Mental Health, Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergAlzheimer Hellas and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI – AUTh), Balkan Center, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiCentre for Age-related Medicine, Stavanger University HospitalAlzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmcInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonAbstract Augmented reality (AR) apps, in which the virtual and real world are combined, can recreate instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are therefore promising to measure cognition needed for IADL in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) both in the clinic and in the home settings. The primary aim of this study was to distinguish and classify healthy controls (HC) from participants with AD pathology in an early AD stage using an AR app. The secondary aims were to test the association of the app with clinical cognitive and functional tests and investigate the feasibility of at-home testing using AR. We furthermore investigated the test-retest reliability and potential learning effects of the task. The digital score from the AR app could significantly distinguish HC from preclinical AD (preAD) and prodromal AD (proAD), and preAD from proAD, both with in-clinic and at-home tests. For the classification of the proAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.84 [0.75–0.93], AUCat_home = 0.77 [0.61–0.93]) was as good as the cognitive score (AUC = 0.85 [0.78–0.93]), while for classifying the preAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.66 [0.53–0.78], AUCat_home = 0.76 [0.61–0.91]) was superior to the cognitive score (AUC = 0.55 [0.42–0.68]). In-clinic and at-home tests moderately correlated (rho = 0.57, p < 0.001). The digital score was associated with the clinical cognitive score (rho = 0.56, p < 0.001). No learning effects were found. Here we report the AR app distinguishes HC from otherwise healthy Aβ-positive individuals, both in the outpatient setting and at home, which is currently not possible with standard cognitive tests.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00978-6 |
| spellingShingle | Marijn Muurling Casper de Boer Srinivasan Vairavan Robbert L. Harms Antonella Santuccione Chadha Ioannis Tarnanas Estefania Vilarino Luis Dorota Religa Martha Therese Gjestsen Samantha Galluzzi Marta Ibarria Sala Ivan Koychev Lucrezia Hausner Mara Gkioka Dag Aarsland Pieter Jelle Visser Anna-Katharine Brem Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease npj Digital Medicine |
| title | Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_full | Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_fullStr | Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_short | Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease |
| title_sort | augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early alzheimer s disease |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00978-6 |
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