Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels
Avocado peels are the main agro-industrial residue generated during the avocado processing, being a rich source of bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds. The growing demand for more sustainable processes requires the development of new and effective methods for extracting bioactive compounds f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/19/6646 |
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| author | Beatriz Rodríguez-Martínez Pedro Ferreira-Santos Irene Méndez Alfonso Sidonia Martínez Zlatina Genisheva Beatriz Gullón |
| author_facet | Beatriz Rodríguez-Martínez Pedro Ferreira-Santos Irene Méndez Alfonso Sidonia Martínez Zlatina Genisheva Beatriz Gullón |
| author_sort | Beatriz Rodríguez-Martínez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Avocado peels are the main agro-industrial residue generated during the avocado processing, being a rich source of bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds. The growing demand for more sustainable processes requires the development of new and effective methods for extracting bioactive compounds from industrial waste. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new sustainable alternative to toxic organic solvents due to their non-toxicity and biocompatibility. In this study, five selected DESs were applied for the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from avocado peels. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the total phenolics and flavonoids content. The best extraction results were obtained with choline chloride-acetic acid and -lactic acid (92.03 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g DAP in TPC and 186.01 ± 3.27 mg RE/g DAP); however, all tested DESs show better extraction efficiency than ethanol. All the obtained NADES extracts have high antioxidant activity (FRAP: 72.5–121.1 mg TE/g; TAC: 90.0–126.1 mg AAE/g). The synthesized DESs and avocado peels DES extracts had activity against all tested bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Streptococcus dysgalactiae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>), and the extracts prepared with choline chloride-acetic acid and -lactic acid have the highest antibacterial activity against all microorganisms. These results, coupled with the non-toxic, biodegradable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly characteristics of DESs, provide strong evidence that DESs represent an effective alternative to organic solvents for the recovery of phenolic bioactive compounds from agro-industrial wastes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:23:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-98496d555c05442994ae2a9c62ae6b26 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:23:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-98496d555c05442994ae2a9c62ae6b262023-11-23T21:14:52ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-10-012719664610.3390/molecules27196646Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado PeelsBeatriz Rodríguez-Martínez0Pedro Ferreira-Santos1Irene Méndez Alfonso2Sidonia Martínez3Zlatina Genisheva4Beatriz Gullón5Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, SpainCentre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, SpainDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, SpainCentre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, SpainAvocado peels are the main agro-industrial residue generated during the avocado processing, being a rich source of bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds. The growing demand for more sustainable processes requires the development of new and effective methods for extracting bioactive compounds from industrial waste. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new sustainable alternative to toxic organic solvents due to their non-toxicity and biocompatibility. In this study, five selected DESs were applied for the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from avocado peels. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the total phenolics and flavonoids content. The best extraction results were obtained with choline chloride-acetic acid and -lactic acid (92.03 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g DAP in TPC and 186.01 ± 3.27 mg RE/g DAP); however, all tested DESs show better extraction efficiency than ethanol. All the obtained NADES extracts have high antioxidant activity (FRAP: 72.5–121.1 mg TE/g; TAC: 90.0–126.1 mg AAE/g). The synthesized DESs and avocado peels DES extracts had activity against all tested bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Streptococcus dysgalactiae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>), and the extracts prepared with choline chloride-acetic acid and -lactic acid have the highest antibacterial activity against all microorganisms. These results, coupled with the non-toxic, biodegradable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly characteristics of DESs, provide strong evidence that DESs represent an effective alternative to organic solvents for the recovery of phenolic bioactive compounds from agro-industrial wastes.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/19/6646green extractionnatural deep eutectic solventsantioxidantantibacterialavocado by-products |
| spellingShingle | Beatriz Rodríguez-Martínez Pedro Ferreira-Santos Irene Méndez Alfonso Sidonia Martínez Zlatina Genisheva Beatriz Gullón Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels Molecules green extraction natural deep eutectic solvents antioxidant antibacterial avocado by-products |
| title | Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels |
| title_full | Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels |
| title_fullStr | Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels |
| title_short | Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Tool for the Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Avocado Peels |
| title_sort | deep eutectic solvents as a green tool for the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from avocado peels |
| topic | green extraction natural deep eutectic solvents antioxidant antibacterial avocado by-products |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/19/6646 |
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