GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae)
In recent years, the increase in antibiotic resistance demands searching for new compounds with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemicals found in plants offer an alternative to this problem. The genus Pelargonium contains several species; some have commercial use in traditional medicine such as <i&...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Alan-Misael Alonso Oscar Kevin Reyes-Maldonado Ana María Puebla-Pérez Martha Patricia Gallegos Arreola Sandra Fabiola Velasco-Ramírez Victor Zúñiga-Mayo Rosa E. Sánchez-Fernández Jorge-Iván Delgado-Saucedo Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez |
| author_facet | Alan-Misael Alonso Oscar Kevin Reyes-Maldonado Ana María Puebla-Pérez Martha Patricia Gallegos Arreola Sandra Fabiola Velasco-Ramírez Victor Zúñiga-Mayo Rosa E. Sánchez-Fernández Jorge-Iván Delgado-Saucedo Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez |
| author_sort | Alan-Misael Alonso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In recent years, the increase in antibiotic resistance demands searching for new compounds with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemicals found in plants offer an alternative to this problem. The genus Pelargonium contains several species; some have commercial use in traditional medicine such as <i>P. sinoides</i>, and others such as <i>P. peltatum</i> are little studied but have promising potential for various applications such as phytopharmaceuticals. In this work, we characterized the freeze-dried extracts (FDEs) of five tissues (root, stem, leaf, and two types of flowers) and the ethyl acetate fractions from leaf (Lf-EtOAc) and flower (Fwr-EtOAc) of <i>P. peltatum</i> through the analysis by thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C.), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), phytochemicals quantification, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. After the first round of analysis, it was observed that the FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to the other FDEs, for which FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower were fractionated and analyzed in a second round. The antioxidant activity determined by ABTS showed that Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc had the lowest IC<sub>50</sub> values with 27.15 ± 1.04 and 28.11 ± 1.3 µg/mL, respectively. The content of total polyphenols was 264.57 ± 7.73 for Lf-EtOAc and 105.39 ± 4.04 mg G.A./g FDE for Fwr-EtOAc. Regarding the content of flavonoid, Lf-EtOAc and Fw-EtOAc had the highest concentration with 34.4 ± 1.06 and 29.45 ± 1.09 mg Q.E./g FDE. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of antimicrobial activity was evaluated: Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc were effective at 31.2 µg/mL for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and 62.5 µg/mL for <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, while for the <i>Enterococcus feacalis</i> strain, Fwr-EtOAc presented 31.2 µg/mL of M.I.C. According to the GC-MS analysis, the main compounds were 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (Pyrogallol), with 77.38% of relative abundance in the Lf-EtOAc and 71.24% in the Fwr-EtOAc, followed by ethyl gallate (13.10%) in the Fwr-EtOAc and (Z)-9-Octadecenamide (13.63% and 6.75%) in both Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:04:40Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:04:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-9858959230424146bf456a58e06045ab2023-11-23T14:28:42ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-05-012711343610.3390/molecules27113436GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae)Alan-Misael Alonso0Oscar Kevin Reyes-Maldonado1Ana María Puebla-Pérez2Martha Patricia Gallegos Arreola3Sandra Fabiola Velasco-Ramírez4Victor Zúñiga-Mayo5Rosa E. Sánchez-Fernández6Jorge-Iván Delgado-Saucedo7Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez8Doctorado en Ciencias en Procesos Biotecnológicos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44340, Jalisco, MexicoCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Avanzada, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, MexicoCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, MexicoCentro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, División de Genética, I.M.S.S., Sierra Mojada 800, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara CP 44340, Jalisco, MexicoCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Avanzada, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, MexicoCampus Montecillo, CONACyT-Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco CP 56230, Estado de Mexico, MexicoLaboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal (LANISAF), Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico-Texcoco km 38.5, Texcoco CP 56230, MexicoCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, MexicoCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Avanzada, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, MexicoIn recent years, the increase in antibiotic resistance demands searching for new compounds with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemicals found in plants offer an alternative to this problem. The genus Pelargonium contains several species; some have commercial use in traditional medicine such as <i>P. sinoides</i>, and others such as <i>P. peltatum</i> are little studied but have promising potential for various applications such as phytopharmaceuticals. In this work, we characterized the freeze-dried extracts (FDEs) of five tissues (root, stem, leaf, and two types of flowers) and the ethyl acetate fractions from leaf (Lf-EtOAc) and flower (Fwr-EtOAc) of <i>P. peltatum</i> through the analysis by thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C.), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), phytochemicals quantification, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. After the first round of analysis, it was observed that the FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to the other FDEs, for which FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower were fractionated and analyzed in a second round. The antioxidant activity determined by ABTS showed that Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc had the lowest IC<sub>50</sub> values with 27.15 ± 1.04 and 28.11 ± 1.3 µg/mL, respectively. The content of total polyphenols was 264.57 ± 7.73 for Lf-EtOAc and 105.39 ± 4.04 mg G.A./g FDE for Fwr-EtOAc. Regarding the content of flavonoid, Lf-EtOAc and Fw-EtOAc had the highest concentration with 34.4 ± 1.06 and 29.45 ± 1.09 mg Q.E./g FDE. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of antimicrobial activity was evaluated: Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc were effective at 31.2 µg/mL for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and 62.5 µg/mL for <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, while for the <i>Enterococcus feacalis</i> strain, Fwr-EtOAc presented 31.2 µg/mL of M.I.C. According to the GC-MS analysis, the main compounds were 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (Pyrogallol), with 77.38% of relative abundance in the Lf-EtOAc and 71.24% in the Fwr-EtOAc, followed by ethyl gallate (13.10%) in the Fwr-EtOAc and (Z)-9-Octadecenamide (13.63% and 6.75%) in both Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/11/3436phytochemicalstanninsflavonoidspolyphenolsGeraniaceae |
| spellingShingle | Alan-Misael Alonso Oscar Kevin Reyes-Maldonado Ana María Puebla-Pérez Martha Patricia Gallegos Arreola Sandra Fabiola Velasco-Ramírez Victor Zúñiga-Mayo Rosa E. Sánchez-Fernández Jorge-Iván Delgado-Saucedo Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae) Molecules phytochemicals tannins flavonoids polyphenols Geraniaceae |
| title | GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae) |
| title_full | GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae) |
| title_fullStr | GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae) |
| title_short | GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of <i>Pelargonium peltatum</i> (Geraniaceae) |
| title_sort | gc ms analysis antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect of i pelargonium peltatum i geraniaceae |
| topic | phytochemicals tannins flavonoids polyphenols Geraniaceae |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/11/3436 |
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