Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire
We study mechanisms of control of charge state and concentration of different point defects in doped insulating crystals. The approach is based on the density functional theory calculations. We apply it to the problem of obtaining of Ti-doped sapphire crystals with high figure of merit (FOM). The FO...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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American Physical Society
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Physical Review Research |
| Online Access: | http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023135 |
| _version_ | 1797211485805477888 |
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| author | L. Yu. Kravchenko D. V. Fil |
| author_facet | L. Yu. Kravchenko D. V. Fil |
| author_sort | L. Yu. Kravchenko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We study mechanisms of control of charge state and concentration of different point defects in doped insulating crystals. The approach is based on the density functional theory calculations. We apply it to the problem of obtaining of Ti-doped sapphire crystals with high figure of merit (FOM). The FOM of a given sample is defined as the ratio of the coefficient of absorption at the pump frequency to the coefficient of absorption at the working frequency of a Ti:sapphire laser. It is one of standard specifications of commercial Ti:sapphire laser crystals. It is believed that the FOM is proportional to the ratio of the concentration of isolated Ti^{3+} ions to the concentration of Ti^{3+}-Ti^{4+} pairs. We find that generally this ratio is in inverse proportion to the concentration of Ti^{4+} isolated substitutional defects with the coefficient of proportionality that depends on the temperature at which the thermodynamic equilibrium concentration of defects is reached. We argue that in certain cases the inverse proportion between concentrations of Ti^{3+}-Ti^{4+} and Ti^{4+} may be violated. The role of codoping in the control of the charge state of dopants is analyzed. We show that codopants that form positively (negatively) charged defects may decrease (increase) the concentration of positively charged defects formed by the main dopants. To evaluate the effect of codoping it is important to take into account not only isolated defects but defect complexes formed by codopants, as well. In particular, we show that codoping of Ti:sapphire with nitrogen results in an essential increase of the concentration of Ti^{4+} and in a decrease of the FOM, and, consequently, growth or annealing in the presence of nitrogen or its compounds is unfavorable for producing Ti:sapphire laser crystals. The approach developed can be used for determining appropriate growth and annealing conditions for obtaining doped crystals with the required characteristics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:27:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-985d08a7d67347ccb2a3efc9462ea882 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2643-1564 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:27:15Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | American Physical Society |
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| series | Physical Review Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-985d08a7d67347ccb2a3efc9462ea8822024-04-12T16:53:38ZengAmerican Physical SocietyPhysical Review Research2643-15642020-05-012202313510.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023135Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphireL. Yu. KravchenkoD. V. FilWe study mechanisms of control of charge state and concentration of different point defects in doped insulating crystals. The approach is based on the density functional theory calculations. We apply it to the problem of obtaining of Ti-doped sapphire crystals with high figure of merit (FOM). The FOM of a given sample is defined as the ratio of the coefficient of absorption at the pump frequency to the coefficient of absorption at the working frequency of a Ti:sapphire laser. It is one of standard specifications of commercial Ti:sapphire laser crystals. It is believed that the FOM is proportional to the ratio of the concentration of isolated Ti^{3+} ions to the concentration of Ti^{3+}-Ti^{4+} pairs. We find that generally this ratio is in inverse proportion to the concentration of Ti^{4+} isolated substitutional defects with the coefficient of proportionality that depends on the temperature at which the thermodynamic equilibrium concentration of defects is reached. We argue that in certain cases the inverse proportion between concentrations of Ti^{3+}-Ti^{4+} and Ti^{4+} may be violated. The role of codoping in the control of the charge state of dopants is analyzed. We show that codopants that form positively (negatively) charged defects may decrease (increase) the concentration of positively charged defects formed by the main dopants. To evaluate the effect of codoping it is important to take into account not only isolated defects but defect complexes formed by codopants, as well. In particular, we show that codoping of Ti:sapphire with nitrogen results in an essential increase of the concentration of Ti^{4+} and in a decrease of the FOM, and, consequently, growth or annealing in the presence of nitrogen or its compounds is unfavorable for producing Ti:sapphire laser crystals. The approach developed can be used for determining appropriate growth and annealing conditions for obtaining doped crystals with the required characteristics.http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023135 |
| spellingShingle | L. Yu. Kravchenko D. V. Fil Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire Physical Review Research |
| title | Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire |
| title_full | Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire |
| title_fullStr | Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire |
| title_full_unstemmed | Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire |
| title_short | Control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals: Case study of Ti-doped sapphire |
| title_sort | control of charge state of dopants in insulating crystals case study of ti doped sapphire |
| url | http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023135 |
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