Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment
Background: Hypertonic and hypotonic conditions in pharmaceutical preparations decrease the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. In addition, it can cause tissue damage. There are several calculation methods to regulate hypotonic preparations. However, there are no methods that can be used to regu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.jpbsonline.org/article.asp?issn=0975-7406;year=2019;volume=11;issue=8;spage=635;epage=649;aulast=Umar |
| _version_ | 1818502920512995328 |
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| author | Abd. K Umar Nasrul Wathoni Aliya N Hasanah Insan S Kurniawansyah Marline Abdassah |
| author_facet | Abd. K Umar Nasrul Wathoni Aliya N Hasanah Insan S Kurniawansyah Marline Abdassah |
| author_sort | Abd. K Umar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Hypertonic and hypotonic conditions in pharmaceutical preparations decrease the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. In addition, it can cause tissue damage. There are several calculation methods to regulate hypotonic preparations. However, there are no methods that can be used to regulate hypertonic preparations without causing dose-dividing problem. Objective: This study aimed to develop a new calculation using basic principle of freezing point depression method (cryoscopic) that can solve hypotonic and hypertonic problems, especially for hypertonic preparations through reducing the levels of additional ingredients. Methods: The calculation of Kahar method was successfully obtained by substitution and simplification in the basic principle equation of cryoscopic method, and then evaluated by resolving the problems in 42 sterile formula preparations and compared with White–Vincent method, cryoscopic method, equivalent NaCl method, and milliequivalent method through the analysis of its similarity and reliability. Results: The results of similarity analysis between Kahar method and other methods showed good similarity values with more than 0.880. Kahar method and cryoscopic method have the highest similarity of the calculation result with a similarity value of 1. The reliability analysis obtained very good result with Cronbach α = 0.990. Conclusions: These results suggest that Kahar method provides reliable equation with complete and efficient solution to hypotonic and hypertonic problems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T21:16:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-986415493f81412aa0ca3245207eb31c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0975-7406 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T21:16:50Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-986415493f81412aa0ca3245207eb31c2022-12-22T01:33:15ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsJournal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences0975-74062019-01-0111863564910.4103/jpbs.JPBS_210_19Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustmentAbd. K UmarNasrul WathoniAliya N HasanahInsan S KurniawansyahMarline AbdassahBackground: Hypertonic and hypotonic conditions in pharmaceutical preparations decrease the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. In addition, it can cause tissue damage. There are several calculation methods to regulate hypotonic preparations. However, there are no methods that can be used to regulate hypertonic preparations without causing dose-dividing problem. Objective: This study aimed to develop a new calculation using basic principle of freezing point depression method (cryoscopic) that can solve hypotonic and hypertonic problems, especially for hypertonic preparations through reducing the levels of additional ingredients. Methods: The calculation of Kahar method was successfully obtained by substitution and simplification in the basic principle equation of cryoscopic method, and then evaluated by resolving the problems in 42 sterile formula preparations and compared with White–Vincent method, cryoscopic method, equivalent NaCl method, and milliequivalent method through the analysis of its similarity and reliability. Results: The results of similarity analysis between Kahar method and other methods showed good similarity values with more than 0.880. Kahar method and cryoscopic method have the highest similarity of the calculation result with a similarity value of 1. The reliability analysis obtained very good result with Cronbach α = 0.990. Conclusions: These results suggest that Kahar method provides reliable equation with complete and efficient solution to hypotonic and hypertonic problems.http://www.jpbsonline.org/article.asp?issn=0975-7406;year=2019;volume=11;issue=8;spage=635;epage=649;aulast=Umarcontent adjustmenthypertonic preparationskahar methodtonicity adjustment |
| spellingShingle | Abd. K Umar Nasrul Wathoni Aliya N Hasanah Insan S Kurniawansyah Marline Abdassah Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences content adjustment hypertonic preparations kahar method tonicity adjustment |
| title | Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment |
| title_full | Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment |
| title_fullStr | Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment |
| title_short | Kahar method: A novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment |
| title_sort | kahar method a novel calculation method of tonicity adjustment |
| topic | content adjustment hypertonic preparations kahar method tonicity adjustment |
| url | http://www.jpbsonline.org/article.asp?issn=0975-7406;year=2019;volume=11;issue=8;spage=635;epage=649;aulast=Umar |
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