Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells
<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> is one of the major bacteria responsible for gastroenteritis in humans caused by foodborne pathogens. As pork is one of the main routes of transmission, bioactive compounds used as feed additives may be an important strategy to control <i>Salmonella ty...
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
MDPI AG
2020-06-01
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Microorganisms |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/6/862 |
| _version_ | 1827715442530058240 |
|---|---|
| author | Giulia Giovagnoni Barbara Rossi Benedetta Tugnoli Federico Ghiselli Andrea Bonetti Andrea Piva Ester Grilli |
| author_facet | Giulia Giovagnoni Barbara Rossi Benedetta Tugnoli Federico Ghiselli Andrea Bonetti Andrea Piva Ester Grilli |
| author_sort | Giulia Giovagnoni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> is one of the major bacteria responsible for gastroenteritis in humans caused by foodborne pathogens. As pork is one of the main routes of transmission, bioactive compounds used as feed additives may be an important strategy to control <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and nature identical compounds against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> ATCC<sup>®®</sup> 6994™. Moreover, the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of thymol and carvacrol in counteracting a <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> in vitro infection on Caco-2 cells was evaluated, focusing on the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and the alteration of <i>Salmonella</i> virulence genes. The results showed a protective effect of the compounds on the integrity of the intestinal monolayer, improving transepithelial electrical resistance and bacterial translocation compared to the non-treated cells. A real-time PCR study highlighted a significant downregulation of the main virulence genes of <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>hilA</i>, <i>prgH</i>, <i>invA</i>, <i>sipA</i>, <i>sipC</i>, <i>sipD</i>, <i>sopB</i>, <i>sopE2</i>). These findings indicate that thymol and carvacrol could be good candidates for the control of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> in pigs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:19:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-989e85e8239b4288b77636765cf38c4e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:19:05Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-989e85e8239b4288b77636765cf38c4e2023-11-20T03:06:53ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072020-06-018686210.3390/microorganisms8060862Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 CellsGiulia Giovagnoni0Barbara Rossi1Benedetta Tugnoli2Federico Ghiselli3Andrea Bonetti4Andrea Piva5Ester Grilli6DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyVetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, ItalyDIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), ItalyDIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), ItalyDIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), ItalyDIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> is one of the major bacteria responsible for gastroenteritis in humans caused by foodborne pathogens. As pork is one of the main routes of transmission, bioactive compounds used as feed additives may be an important strategy to control <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and nature identical compounds against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> ATCC<sup>®®</sup> 6994™. Moreover, the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of thymol and carvacrol in counteracting a <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> in vitro infection on Caco-2 cells was evaluated, focusing on the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and the alteration of <i>Salmonella</i> virulence genes. The results showed a protective effect of the compounds on the integrity of the intestinal monolayer, improving transepithelial electrical resistance and bacterial translocation compared to the non-treated cells. A real-time PCR study highlighted a significant downregulation of the main virulence genes of <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>hilA</i>, <i>prgH</i>, <i>invA</i>, <i>sipA</i>, <i>sipC</i>, <i>sipD</i>, <i>sopB</i>, <i>sopE2</i>). These findings indicate that thymol and carvacrol could be good candidates for the control of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> in pigs.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/6/862<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>tight junctionsepithelial barriervirulence genesnature identical compoundsthymol |
| spellingShingle | Giulia Giovagnoni Barbara Rossi Benedetta Tugnoli Federico Ghiselli Andrea Bonetti Andrea Piva Ester Grilli Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells Microorganisms <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> tight junctions epithelial barrier virulence genes nature identical compounds thymol |
| title | Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells |
| title_full | Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells |
| title_fullStr | Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells |
| title_short | Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells |
| title_sort | thymol and carvacrol downregulate the expression of i salmonella typhimurium i virulence genes during an in vitro infection on caco 2 cells |
| topic | <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> tight junctions epithelial barrier virulence genes nature identical compounds thymol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/6/862 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT giuliagiovagnoni thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells AT barbararossi thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells AT benedettatugnoli thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells AT federicoghiselli thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells AT andreabonetti thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells AT andreapiva thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells AT estergrilli thymolandcarvacroldownregulatetheexpressionofisalmonellatyphimuriumivirulencegenesduringaninvitroinfectiononcaco2cells |