Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography
The number of people experiencing mental stress or emotional dysfunction has increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, as many individuals have had to adapt their daily lives. Numerous studies have demonstrated that mental health disorders can pose a risk for certain diseases, and they are...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5818 |
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| author | Jia-Jung Wang Shing-Hong Liu Cheng-Hsien Tsai Ioannis Manousakas Xin Zhu Thung-Lip Lee |
| author_facet | Jia-Jung Wang Shing-Hong Liu Cheng-Hsien Tsai Ioannis Manousakas Xin Zhu Thung-Lip Lee |
| author_sort | Jia-Jung Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The number of people experiencing mental stress or emotional dysfunction has increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, as many individuals have had to adapt their daily lives. Numerous studies have demonstrated that mental health disorders can pose a risk for certain diseases, and they are also closely associated with the problem of mental workload. Now, wearable devices and mobile health applications are being utilized to monitor and assess individuals’ mental health conditions on a daily basis using heart rate variability (HRV), typically measured by the R-to-R wave interval (RRI) of an electrocardiogram (ECG). However, portable or wearable ECG devices generally require two electrodes to perform bipolar limb leads, such as the Einthoven triangle. This study aims to develop a single-arm ECG measurement method, with lead I ECG serving as the gold standard. We conducted static and dynamic experiments to analyze the morphological performance and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the single-arm ECG. Three morphological features were defined, RRI, the duration of the QRS complex wave, and the amplitude of the R wave. Thirty subjects participated in this study. The results indicated that RRI exhibited the highest cross-correlation (R = 0.9942) between the single-arm ECG and lead I ECG, while the duration of the QRS complex wave showed the weakest cross-correlation (R = 0.2201). The best SNR obtained was 26.1 ± 5.9 dB during the resting experiment, whereas the worst SNR was 12.5 ± 5.1 dB during the raising and lowering of the arm along the z-axis. This single-arm ECG measurement method offers easier operation compared to traditional ECG measurement techniques, making it applicable for HRV measurement and the detection of an irregular RRI. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:29:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-98b32851cadf4aab8ea34dad5b83cfe8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:29:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-98b32851cadf4aab8ea34dad5b83cfe82023-11-18T17:27:13ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-06-012313581810.3390/s23135818Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm ElectrocardiographyJia-Jung Wang0Shing-Hong Liu1Cheng-Hsien Tsai2Ioannis Manousakas3Xin Zhu4Thung-Lip Lee5Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanDepartment of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, TaiwanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanDivision of Information Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu City 965-8580, JapanDepartment of Cardiology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 84001, TaiwanThe number of people experiencing mental stress or emotional dysfunction has increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, as many individuals have had to adapt their daily lives. Numerous studies have demonstrated that mental health disorders can pose a risk for certain diseases, and they are also closely associated with the problem of mental workload. Now, wearable devices and mobile health applications are being utilized to monitor and assess individuals’ mental health conditions on a daily basis using heart rate variability (HRV), typically measured by the R-to-R wave interval (RRI) of an electrocardiogram (ECG). However, portable or wearable ECG devices generally require two electrodes to perform bipolar limb leads, such as the Einthoven triangle. This study aims to develop a single-arm ECG measurement method, with lead I ECG serving as the gold standard. We conducted static and dynamic experiments to analyze the morphological performance and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the single-arm ECG. Three morphological features were defined, RRI, the duration of the QRS complex wave, and the amplitude of the R wave. Thirty subjects participated in this study. The results indicated that RRI exhibited the highest cross-correlation (R = 0.9942) between the single-arm ECG and lead I ECG, while the duration of the QRS complex wave showed the weakest cross-correlation (R = 0.2201). The best SNR obtained was 26.1 ± 5.9 dB during the resting experiment, whereas the worst SNR was 12.5 ± 5.1 dB during the raising and lowering of the arm along the z-axis. This single-arm ECG measurement method offers easier operation compared to traditional ECG measurement techniques, making it applicable for HRV measurement and the detection of an irregular RRI.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5818electrocardiogram (ECG)single-arm ECGR-to-R wave interval (RRI)heart rate variability (HRV)signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) |
| spellingShingle | Jia-Jung Wang Shing-Hong Liu Cheng-Hsien Tsai Ioannis Manousakas Xin Zhu Thung-Lip Lee Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography Sensors electrocardiogram (ECG) single-arm ECG R-to-R wave interval (RRI) heart rate variability (HRV) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) |
| title | Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography |
| title_full | Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography |
| title_fullStr | Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography |
| title_full_unstemmed | Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography |
| title_short | Signal Quality Analysis of Single-Arm Electrocardiography |
| title_sort | signal quality analysis of single arm electrocardiography |
| topic | electrocardiogram (ECG) single-arm ECG R-to-R wave interval (RRI) heart rate variability (HRV) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/5818 |
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