Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery
Remote sensing was used as an early alert tool for water clarity changes in five Araucanian Lakes in South-Central Chile. Turbidity records are scarce or unavailable over large and remote areas needed to fully understand the factors associated with turbidity, and their spatial-temporal representatio...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-08-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3133 |
| _version_ | 1797522162973671424 |
|---|---|
| author | Lien Rodríguez-López Iongel Duran-Llacer Lisdelys González-Rodríguez Rolando Cardenas Roberto Urrutia |
| author_facet | Lien Rodríguez-López Iongel Duran-Llacer Lisdelys González-Rodríguez Rolando Cardenas Roberto Urrutia |
| author_sort | Lien Rodríguez-López |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Remote sensing was used as an early alert tool for water clarity changes in five Araucanian Lakes in South-Central Chile. Turbidity records are scarce or unavailable over large and remote areas needed to fully understand the factors associated with turbidity, and their spatial-temporal representation remains a limitation. This work aimed to develop and validate empirical models to estimate values of turbidity from Landsat images and determine the spatial distribution of estimated turbidity in the selected Araucanian Lakes. Secchi disk depth measurements were linked with turbidity measurements to obtain a turbidity dataset. This in turn was used to develop and validate a set of empirical models to predict turbidity based on four single bands and 16 combination bands from 15 multispectral Landsat images. The best empirical models predicted turbidity over the range of 0.3–12.3 NTUs with RMSE values around 0.31–1.03 NTU, R<sup>2</sup> (Index of Agreement IA) around 0.93–0.99 (0.85–0.97) and mean bias error (MBE) around (−0.36–0.44 NTU). Estimation maps to analyze the temporal-spatial turbidity variation in the lakes were constructed. Finally, it was found that the meteorological conditions may affect the variation of turbidity, mainly precipitation and wind speed. The data indicate that the turbidity has slightly increased in winter–spring. These models will be used in the future to reconstruct large datasets that allow analyzing transparency trends in those lakes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:25:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-98b8305f84d241439cc98cfa070355e4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:25:34Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-98b8305f84d241439cc98cfa070355e42023-11-22T09:32:25ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-08-011316313310.3390/rs13163133Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat ImageryLien Rodríguez-López0Iongel Duran-Llacer1Lisdelys González-Rodríguez2Rolando Cardenas3Roberto Urrutia4Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4030000, ChileEnvironmental Sciences Center (EULA), University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4030000, ChileFaculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4030000, ChileFacultad de Matemática-Física-Computación, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas, Santa Clara 50100, Villa Clara, CubaEnvironmental Sciences Center (EULA), University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4030000, ChileRemote sensing was used as an early alert tool for water clarity changes in five Araucanian Lakes in South-Central Chile. Turbidity records are scarce or unavailable over large and remote areas needed to fully understand the factors associated with turbidity, and their spatial-temporal representation remains a limitation. This work aimed to develop and validate empirical models to estimate values of turbidity from Landsat images and determine the spatial distribution of estimated turbidity in the selected Araucanian Lakes. Secchi disk depth measurements were linked with turbidity measurements to obtain a turbidity dataset. This in turn was used to develop and validate a set of empirical models to predict turbidity based on four single bands and 16 combination bands from 15 multispectral Landsat images. The best empirical models predicted turbidity over the range of 0.3–12.3 NTUs with RMSE values around 0.31–1.03 NTU, R<sup>2</sup> (Index of Agreement IA) around 0.93–0.99 (0.85–0.97) and mean bias error (MBE) around (−0.36–0.44 NTU). Estimation maps to analyze the temporal-spatial turbidity variation in the lakes were constructed. Finally, it was found that the meteorological conditions may affect the variation of turbidity, mainly precipitation and wind speed. The data indicate that the turbidity has slightly increased in winter–spring. These models will be used in the future to reconstruct large datasets that allow analyzing transparency trends in those lakes.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3133water claritylakesLandsat imagesturbidityChile |
| spellingShingle | Lien Rodríguez-López Iongel Duran-Llacer Lisdelys González-Rodríguez Rolando Cardenas Roberto Urrutia Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery Remote Sensing water clarity lakes Landsat images turbidity Chile |
| title | Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery |
| title_full | Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery |
| title_fullStr | Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery |
| title_short | Retrieving Water Turbidity in Araucanian Lakes (South-Central Chile) Based on Multispectral Landsat Imagery |
| title_sort | retrieving water turbidity in araucanian lakes south central chile based on multispectral landsat imagery |
| topic | water clarity lakes Landsat images turbidity Chile |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/16/3133 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lienrodriguezlopez retrievingwaterturbidityinaraucanianlakessouthcentralchilebasedonmultispectrallandsatimagery AT iongelduranllacer retrievingwaterturbidityinaraucanianlakessouthcentralchilebasedonmultispectrallandsatimagery AT lisdelysgonzalezrodriguez retrievingwaterturbidityinaraucanianlakessouthcentralchilebasedonmultispectrallandsatimagery AT rolandocardenas retrievingwaterturbidityinaraucanianlakessouthcentralchilebasedonmultispectrallandsatimagery AT robertourrutia retrievingwaterturbidityinaraucanianlakessouthcentralchilebasedonmultispectrallandsatimagery |