The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae
The harmful algal bloom species, <i>Karenia brevis</i>, forms annual, often intense blooms in the Gulf of Mexico, particularly along the west Florida shelf. Though the ability of <i>K. brevis</i> blooms to cause mass mortalities in juvenile fish are well documented, the direc...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/439 |
| _version_ | 1797443374368686080 |
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| author | Richard Wayne Litaker Alex K. Bogdanoff Donnie Ransom Hardison William C. Holland Andrew Ostrowski James A. Morris |
| author_facet | Richard Wayne Litaker Alex K. Bogdanoff Donnie Ransom Hardison William C. Holland Andrew Ostrowski James A. Morris |
| author_sort | Richard Wayne Litaker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The harmful algal bloom species, <i>Karenia brevis</i>, forms annual, often intense blooms in the Gulf of Mexico, particularly along the west Florida shelf. Though the ability of <i>K. brevis</i> blooms to cause mass mortalities in juvenile fish are well documented, the direct effect of bloom concentrations on larval fish has not been studied extensively. To better understand the potential effect of <i>K. brevis</i> on larval fish survival, laboratory spawned red porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) larvae from 4–26 days post-hatch were exposed to concentrations of <i>K. brevis</i> observed in the field for either 24 or 48 h. This species is representative of fish which spawn in regions of the Gulf of Mexico and whose larvae are epipelagic and may encounter <i>K. brevis</i> blooms. In this study, three different <i>K. brevis</i> strains varying in the amount of brevetoxin produced were tested. Larval survivorship was found to be inversely proportional to the amount of brevetoxin produced by each strain. The EC<sub>50</sub> value from the combined 24 h experiments was ~163,000 <i>K. brevis</i> cells L<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, which corresponds to cell concentrations found in moderately dense blooms. Larval mortality also increased substantially in the 48 h versus 24 h exposure treatments. These findings indicate <i>K. brevis</i> blooms have the potential to contribute to natural mortality of fish larvae and further reduce inter-annual recruitment of fishery species whose stocks in the Gulf of Mexico may already be depleted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:55:02Z |
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| id | doaj.art-98bd4203a5b14941962e8768125e4d59 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:55:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-98bd4203a5b14941962e8768125e4d592023-11-30T22:01:11ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-06-0114743910.3390/toxins14070439The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) LarvaeRichard Wayne Litaker0Alex K. Bogdanoff1Donnie Ransom Hardison2William C. Holland3Andrew Ostrowski4James A. Morris5CSS Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USAJHT Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USAThe harmful algal bloom species, <i>Karenia brevis</i>, forms annual, often intense blooms in the Gulf of Mexico, particularly along the west Florida shelf. Though the ability of <i>K. brevis</i> blooms to cause mass mortalities in juvenile fish are well documented, the direct effect of bloom concentrations on larval fish has not been studied extensively. To better understand the potential effect of <i>K. brevis</i> on larval fish survival, laboratory spawned red porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) larvae from 4–26 days post-hatch were exposed to concentrations of <i>K. brevis</i> observed in the field for either 24 or 48 h. This species is representative of fish which spawn in regions of the Gulf of Mexico and whose larvae are epipelagic and may encounter <i>K. brevis</i> blooms. In this study, three different <i>K. brevis</i> strains varying in the amount of brevetoxin produced were tested. Larval survivorship was found to be inversely proportional to the amount of brevetoxin produced by each strain. The EC<sub>50</sub> value from the combined 24 h experiments was ~163,000 <i>K. brevis</i> cells L<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, which corresponds to cell concentrations found in moderately dense blooms. Larval mortality also increased substantially in the 48 h versus 24 h exposure treatments. These findings indicate <i>K. brevis</i> blooms have the potential to contribute to natural mortality of fish larvae and further reduce inter-annual recruitment of fishery species whose stocks in the Gulf of Mexico may already be depleted.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/439brevetoxins (BTxs)effective concentration sufficient to kill 50% of the larvae (EC<sub>50</sub>)fishGulf of Mexicoharmful algal blooms (HABs)recruitment |
| spellingShingle | Richard Wayne Litaker Alex K. Bogdanoff Donnie Ransom Hardison William C. Holland Andrew Ostrowski James A. Morris The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae Toxins brevetoxins (BTxs) effective concentration sufficient to kill 50% of the larvae (EC<sub>50</sub>) fish Gulf of Mexico harmful algal blooms (HABs) recruitment |
| title | The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae |
| title_full | The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae |
| title_short | The Effects of the Harmful Algal Bloom Species <i>Karenia brevis</i> on Survival of Red Porgy (<i>Pagrus pagrus</i>) Larvae |
| title_sort | effects of the harmful algal bloom species i karenia brevis i on survival of red porgy i pagrus pagrus i larvae |
| topic | brevetoxins (BTxs) effective concentration sufficient to kill 50% of the larvae (EC<sub>50</sub>) fish Gulf of Mexico harmful algal blooms (HABs) recruitment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/7/439 |
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