State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm
The most common neurodegenerative dementias include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The correct etiology-based diagnosis is pivotal for clinical management of these diseases as well as for the suitable timing and choosing the accurate dis...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/5/788 |
| _version_ | 1827693935977299968 |
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| author | Eino Solje Alberto Benussi Emanuele Buratti Anne M. Remes Annakaisa Haapasalo Barbara Borroni |
| author_facet | Eino Solje Alberto Benussi Emanuele Buratti Anne M. Remes Annakaisa Haapasalo Barbara Borroni |
| author_sort | Eino Solje |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The most common neurodegenerative dementias include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The correct etiology-based diagnosis is pivotal for clinical management of these diseases as well as for the suitable timing and choosing the accurate disease-modifying therapies when these become available. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods, detecting altered levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Tau, phosphorylated Tau, and Aβ-42 in AD, allowed the wide use of this set of biomarkers in clinical practice. These analyses demonstrate a high diagnostic accuracy in AD but suffer from a relatively restricted usefulness due to invasiveness and lack of prognostic value. In recent years, the development of novel advanced techniques has offered new state-of-the-art opportunities in biomarker discovery. These include single molecule array technology (SIMOA), a tool for non-invasive analysis of ultra-low levels of central nervous system-derived molecules from biofluids, such as CSF or blood, and real-time quaking (RT-QuIC), developed to analyze misfolded proteins. In the present review, we describe the history of methods used in the fluid biomarker analyses of dementia, discuss specific emerging biomarkers with translational potential for clinical use, and suggest an algorithm for the use of new non-invasive blood biomarkers in clinical practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:54:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-98dee37b95f447c88995fdd62262c733 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:54:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-98dee37b95f447c88995fdd62262c7332023-11-21T17:25:56ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182021-04-0111578810.3390/diagnostics11050788State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic AlgorithmEino Solje0Alberto Benussi1Emanuele Buratti2Anne M. Remes3Annakaisa Haapasalo4Barbara Borroni5Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, FinlandNeurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, ItalyInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, ItalyResearch Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, 90230 Oulu, FinlandA. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, FinlandNeurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, ItalyThe most common neurodegenerative dementias include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The correct etiology-based diagnosis is pivotal for clinical management of these diseases as well as for the suitable timing and choosing the accurate disease-modifying therapies when these become available. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods, detecting altered levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Tau, phosphorylated Tau, and Aβ-42 in AD, allowed the wide use of this set of biomarkers in clinical practice. These analyses demonstrate a high diagnostic accuracy in AD but suffer from a relatively restricted usefulness due to invasiveness and lack of prognostic value. In recent years, the development of novel advanced techniques has offered new state-of-the-art opportunities in biomarker discovery. These include single molecule array technology (SIMOA), a tool for non-invasive analysis of ultra-low levels of central nervous system-derived molecules from biofluids, such as CSF or blood, and real-time quaking (RT-QuIC), developed to analyze misfolded proteins. In the present review, we describe the history of methods used in the fluid biomarker analyses of dementia, discuss specific emerging biomarkers with translational potential for clinical use, and suggest an algorithm for the use of new non-invasive blood biomarkers in clinical practice.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/5/788dementiabiomarkersAlzheimer’s diseasefrontotemporal dementiadementia with Lewy bodiesdiagnosis |
| spellingShingle | Eino Solje Alberto Benussi Emanuele Buratti Anne M. Remes Annakaisa Haapasalo Barbara Borroni State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm Diagnostics dementia biomarkers Alzheimer’s disease frontotemporal dementia dementia with Lewy bodies diagnosis |
| title | State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm |
| title_full | State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm |
| title_fullStr | State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm |
| title_short | State-of-the-Art Methods and Emerging Fluid Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Dementia—A Short Review and Diagnostic Algorithm |
| title_sort | state of the art methods and emerging fluid biomarkers in the diagnostics of dementia a short review and diagnostic algorithm |
| topic | dementia biomarkers Alzheimer’s disease frontotemporal dementia dementia with Lewy bodies diagnosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/5/788 |
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