Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<i>L. monocytogenes</i>) is the etiologic agent of listeriosis which significantly affects immunocompromised individuals. The potential risk of infection attributed to <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water and agricultural soil...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/181 |
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| author | Chidozie Declan Iwu Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja Rami Elhadi Lucy Semerjian Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh |
| author_facet | Chidozie Declan Iwu Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja Rami Elhadi Lucy Semerjian Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh |
| author_sort | Chidozie Declan Iwu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<i>L. monocytogenes</i>) is the etiologic agent of listeriosis which significantly affects immunocompromised individuals. The potential risk of infection attributed to <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water and agricultural soil, which are key transmission pathways of microbial hazards to the human population, was evaluated using the quantitative microbial risk assessment modelling. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations was used to characterize the risks. High counts of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water (mean: 11.96 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/100 mL; range: 0.00 to 56.67 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/100 mL) and agricultural soil samples (mean: 19.64 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/g; range: 1.33 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 62.33 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/g) were documented. Consequently, a high annual infection risk of 5.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (0.00 to 48.30 × 10<sup>−2</sup>), 54.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (9.10 × 10<sup>−3</sup> to 1.00) and 70.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (3.60 × 10<sup>−2</sup> to 1.00) was observed for adults exposed to contaminated irrigation water, adults exposed to contaminated agricultural soil and children exposed to agricultural soil, respectively. This study, therefore, documents a huge public health threat attributed to the high probability of infection in humans exposed to <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water and agricultural soil in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-98e014b2251a43aa808db4964951a8b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:53:05Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-98e014b2251a43aa808db4964951a8b82023-11-23T14:48:29ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-01-0110118110.3390/microorganisms10010181Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South AfricaChidozie Declan Iwu0Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja1Rami Elhadi2Lucy Semerjian3Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh4SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South AfricaDivision of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South AfricaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab EmiratesSAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<i>L. monocytogenes</i>) is the etiologic agent of listeriosis which significantly affects immunocompromised individuals. The potential risk of infection attributed to <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water and agricultural soil, which are key transmission pathways of microbial hazards to the human population, was evaluated using the quantitative microbial risk assessment modelling. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations was used to characterize the risks. High counts of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water (mean: 11.96 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/100 mL; range: 0.00 to 56.67 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/100 mL) and agricultural soil samples (mean: 19.64 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/g; range: 1.33 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 62.33 × 10<sup>2</sup> CFU/g) were documented. Consequently, a high annual infection risk of 5.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (0.00 to 48.30 × 10<sup>−2</sup>), 54.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (9.10 × 10<sup>−3</sup> to 1.00) and 70.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (3.60 × 10<sup>−2</sup> to 1.00) was observed for adults exposed to contaminated irrigation water, adults exposed to contaminated agricultural soil and children exposed to agricultural soil, respectively. This study, therefore, documents a huge public health threat attributed to the high probability of infection in humans exposed to <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in irrigation water and agricultural soil in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/181<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>listeriosisirrigation wateragricultural soilpublic healthQMRA |
| spellingShingle | Chidozie Declan Iwu Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja Rami Elhadi Lucy Semerjian Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa Microorganisms <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> listeriosis irrigation water agricultural soil public health QMRA |
| title | Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa |
| title_full | Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa |
| title_short | Modelling the Potential Risk of Infection Associated with <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in Two District Municipalities in South Africa |
| title_sort | modelling the potential risk of infection associated with i listeria monocytogenes i in irrigation water and agricultural soil in two district municipalities in south africa |
| topic | <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> listeriosis irrigation water agricultural soil public health QMRA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1/181 |
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