Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe
Ambient temperature has been identified as a potential cause for human conflict in a variety of studies. Conflict is no longer limited to the physical space but exists in the form of hate and discrimination on social media. Here we provide evidence that the amount of racist and xenophobic content po...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental Research Letters |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac28b3 |
| _version_ | 1797747540361216000 |
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| author | A Stechemesser L Wenz M Kotz A Levermann |
| author_facet | A Stechemesser L Wenz M Kotz A Levermann |
| author_sort | A Stechemesser |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ambient temperature has been identified as a potential cause for human conflict in a variety of studies. Conflict is no longer limited to the physical space but exists in the form of hate and discrimination on social media. Here we provide evidence that the amount of racist and xenophobic content posted to the social media platform Twitter is nonlinearly influenced by temperature. Exploiting the linguistic plurality of Europe, we statistically analyze daily temperature data and more than ten million racist tweets from six different countries spanning several climate zones for the years 2012–2018. Using a fixed-effects panel regression model that utilizes exogenous variation in local weather and controls for unobserved omitted variables, we identify the effect of population-weighted daily average temperature on the daily number of racist tweets and likes. We find a quasi-quadratic temperature response of racist tweets that is inversely proportional to the temperature distribution. Fewest racist tweets and likes are found for daily average temperatures between 5 °C and 11 °C, i.e. temperatures that are frequently experienced. Temperatures warmer or colder than that are associated with steep, nonlinear increases. Analyses at the country-level confirm this climate comfort zone of 5 °C–11 °C across different European climatic zones. In the Southern European countries this is colder than the most frequently experienced temperatures, pointing to possible limits of adaptation. Within the next 30 years, the number of days outside this climate comfort zone, weighted by the identified temperature-racist-tweet response curve, will increase across parts of Europe, indicating that rising temperatures could aggravate xenophobia and racism in social media. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T15:52:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-993b579edf8f47ba98723dd4d66aa72f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1748-9326 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T15:52:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Research Letters |
| spelling | doaj.art-993b579edf8f47ba98723dd4d66aa72f2023-08-09T15:06:12ZengIOP PublishingEnvironmental Research Letters1748-93262021-01-01161111400110.1088/1748-9326/ac28b3Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in EuropeA Stechemesser0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8306-1735L Wenz1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8500-1568M Kotz2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2564-5043A Levermann3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-4704Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Physics, Potsdam University, Campus Golm , Haus 28, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, GermanyPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany; Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change , EUREF Campus 19, Torgauer Straße 12-15, 10829 Berlin, Germany; Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California Berkeley , 714 University Hall #3310, University of California, Berkely, CA, 94720-3310, United States of AmericaPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Physics, Potsdam University, Campus Golm , Haus 28, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, GermanyPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , PO Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Physics, Potsdam University, Campus Golm , Haus 28, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; The Earth Institute, Columbia University , Hogan Hall, 2910 Boradway, Level A, Mail Code: 3277, New York, NY, 10025, United States of AmericaAmbient temperature has been identified as a potential cause for human conflict in a variety of studies. Conflict is no longer limited to the physical space but exists in the form of hate and discrimination on social media. Here we provide evidence that the amount of racist and xenophobic content posted to the social media platform Twitter is nonlinearly influenced by temperature. Exploiting the linguistic plurality of Europe, we statistically analyze daily temperature data and more than ten million racist tweets from six different countries spanning several climate zones for the years 2012–2018. Using a fixed-effects panel regression model that utilizes exogenous variation in local weather and controls for unobserved omitted variables, we identify the effect of population-weighted daily average temperature on the daily number of racist tweets and likes. We find a quasi-quadratic temperature response of racist tweets that is inversely proportional to the temperature distribution. Fewest racist tweets and likes are found for daily average temperatures between 5 °C and 11 °C, i.e. temperatures that are frequently experienced. Temperatures warmer or colder than that are associated with steep, nonlinear increases. Analyses at the country-level confirm this climate comfort zone of 5 °C–11 °C across different European climatic zones. In the Southern European countries this is colder than the most frequently experienced temperatures, pointing to possible limits of adaptation. Within the next 30 years, the number of days outside this climate comfort zone, weighted by the identified temperature-racist-tweet response curve, will increase across parts of Europe, indicating that rising temperatures could aggravate xenophobia and racism in social media.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac28b3climate changecyber racismTwittertemperatureconflict |
| spellingShingle | A Stechemesser L Wenz M Kotz A Levermann Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe Environmental Research Letters climate change cyber racism temperature conflict |
| title | Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe |
| title_full | Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe |
| title_fullStr | Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe |
| title_full_unstemmed | Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe |
| title_short | Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe |
| title_sort | strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in europe |
| topic | climate change cyber racism temperature conflict |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac28b3 |
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