<i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent
Throughout the tropical and subtropical climates, the genus Citrus can be found. The current study was conducted to extract the <i>Citrus sinensis</i> peel oil and evaluate its antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic potential. Petroleum ether was used to extract the <i>C. sine...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/7/1662 |
| _version_ | 1827732339364462592 |
|---|---|
| author | Tauseef Anwar Huma Qureshi Arooj Fatima Kanwal Sattar Gadah Albasher Asif Kamal Asma Ayaz Wajid Zaman |
| author_facet | Tauseef Anwar Huma Qureshi Arooj Fatima Kanwal Sattar Gadah Albasher Asif Kamal Asma Ayaz Wajid Zaman |
| author_sort | Tauseef Anwar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Throughout the tropical and subtropical climates, the genus Citrus can be found. The current study was conducted to extract the <i>Citrus sinensis</i> peel oil and evaluate its antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic potential. Petroleum ether was used to extract the <i>C. sinensis</i> peel oil through a Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial and antifungal potential was determined via agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were calculated (test bacterial strains: <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>; test fungal strains: <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Altrnaria alternata</i>). Antiparasitic activity against <i>Leishmania</i><i>tropica</i> was determined following standard protocol using amphotericin-B as positive and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control and the percentage inhibition was calculated. The oil extracted was brownish yellow with a tangy smell, water-insoluble, density (0.778 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and specific gravity (0.843 g/cm). In antibacterial activity, the diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against <i>E. coli</i> (14 mm) and minimum for <i>S. agalactiae</i> (10 mm). While in antifungal activity diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against <i>A. flavus</i> (12.5 mm) and minimum for <i>A. alternata</i> (8.6 mm). <i>S. agalactiae</i> exhibited the minimum MIC value (6 mg/mL) and in fungal strains <i>A. alternata</i> exhibited the minimum value (2 mm). <i>Citrus sinensis</i> peel oil displayed antileishmanial efficiency of 60% at 50 μg/mL concentration after 48 h of incubation. <i>C. sinensis</i> peel oil demonstrated antimicrobial capabilities, implying that it could be used as a natural preservative in food or as an effective treatment against a variety of pathogenic organisms. Industries should extract oil from the waste of citrus fruits which will be beneficial from an economic point of view. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:49:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-993bd92f683b4f278d61b5d0d57b99d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:49:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-993bd92f683b4f278d61b5d0d57b99d52023-11-18T20:34:40ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-06-01117166210.3390/microorganisms11071662<i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal AgentTauseef Anwar0Huma Qureshi1Arooj Fatima2Kanwal Sattar3Gadah Albasher4Asif Kamal5Asma Ayaz6Wajid Zaman7Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus), Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, PakistanDepartment of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus), Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanDepartment of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus), Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanFaculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, ChinaDepartment of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaThroughout the tropical and subtropical climates, the genus Citrus can be found. The current study was conducted to extract the <i>Citrus sinensis</i> peel oil and evaluate its antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic potential. Petroleum ether was used to extract the <i>C. sinensis</i> peel oil through a Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial and antifungal potential was determined via agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were calculated (test bacterial strains: <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>; test fungal strains: <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Altrnaria alternata</i>). Antiparasitic activity against <i>Leishmania</i><i>tropica</i> was determined following standard protocol using amphotericin-B as positive and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control and the percentage inhibition was calculated. The oil extracted was brownish yellow with a tangy smell, water-insoluble, density (0.778 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and specific gravity (0.843 g/cm). In antibacterial activity, the diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against <i>E. coli</i> (14 mm) and minimum for <i>S. agalactiae</i> (10 mm). While in antifungal activity diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against <i>A. flavus</i> (12.5 mm) and minimum for <i>A. alternata</i> (8.6 mm). <i>S. agalactiae</i> exhibited the minimum MIC value (6 mg/mL) and in fungal strains <i>A. alternata</i> exhibited the minimum value (2 mm). <i>Citrus sinensis</i> peel oil displayed antileishmanial efficiency of 60% at 50 μg/mL concentration after 48 h of incubation. <i>C. sinensis</i> peel oil demonstrated antimicrobial capabilities, implying that it could be used as a natural preservative in food or as an effective treatment against a variety of pathogenic organisms. Industries should extract oil from the waste of citrus fruits which will be beneficial from an economic point of view.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/7/1662<i>Citrus sinensis</i>antimicrobial effectivenessminimum inhibitory concentrationnatural preservativeindustries |
| spellingShingle | Tauseef Anwar Huma Qureshi Arooj Fatima Kanwal Sattar Gadah Albasher Asif Kamal Asma Ayaz Wajid Zaman <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent Microorganisms <i>Citrus sinensis</i> antimicrobial effectiveness minimum inhibitory concentration natural preservative industries |
| title | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent |
| title_full | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent |
| title_fullStr | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent |
| title_short | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent |
| title_sort | i citrus sinensis i peel oil extraction and evaluation as an antibacterial and antifungal agent |
| topic | <i>Citrus sinensis</i> antimicrobial effectiveness minimum inhibitory concentration natural preservative industries |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/7/1662 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tauseefanwar icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT humaqureshi icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT aroojfatima icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT kanwalsattar icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT gadahalbasher icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT asifkamal icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT asmaayaz icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent AT wajidzaman icitrussinensisipeeloilextractionandevaluationasanantibacterialandantifungalagent |