| Summary: | Seed storability has a significant impact on seed vitality and is a crucial genetic factor in maintaining seed value during storage. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to analyze the seed transcriptomes of two rice thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, S1146S (storage-tolerant) and SD26S (storage-susceptible), with 0 and 7 days of artificial accelerated aging treatment. In total, 2658 and 1523 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in S1146S and SD26S, respectively. Among these DEGs, 729 (G1) exhibited similar regulation patterns in both lines, while 1924 DEGs (G2) were specific to S1146S, 789 DEGs (G3) were specific to SD26S, and 5 DEGs (G4) were specific to contrary differential expression levels. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that “translation”, “ribosome”, “oxidative phosphorylation”, “ATP-dependent activity”, “intracellular protein transport”, and “regulation of DNA-templated transcription” were significantly enriched during seed aging. Several genes, like <i>Os01g0971400</i>, <i>Os01g0937200</i>, <i>Os03g0276500</i>, <i>Os05g0328632</i>, and <i>Os07g0214300</i>, associated with seed storability were identified in G4. Core genes <i>Os03g0100100</i> (<i>OsPMEI12</i>), <i>Os03g0320900</i> (<i>V2</i>), <i>Os02g0494000</i>, <i>Os02g0152800</i>, and <i>Os03g0710500</i> (<i>OsBiP2</i>) were identified in protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Seed vitality genes, <i>MKKK62</i> (<i>Os01g0699600</i>), <i>OsFbx352</i> (<i>Os10g0127900</i>), <i>FSE6</i> (<i>Os05g0540000</i>), and <i>RAmy3E</i> (<i>Os08g0473600</i>), related to seed storability were identified. Overall, these results provide novel perspectives for studying the molecular response and related genes of different-storability rice TGMS lines under artificial aging conditions. They also provide new ideas for studying the storability of hybrid rice.
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