The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses
COVID-19 is one of the progressive viral pandemics that originated from East Asia. COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be associated with a chain of physio-pathological mechanisms that are basically immunological in nature. In addition, chemokines have been proposed as a subgroup of chemotactic...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1299 |
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| author | Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad Gholamhossein Hassanshahi Nicholas G. Kounis Virginia Mplani Pavlos Roditis Christos Gogos Maria Lagadinou Stelios F. Assimakopoulos Periklis Dousdampanis Ioanna Koniari |
| author_facet | Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad Gholamhossein Hassanshahi Nicholas G. Kounis Virginia Mplani Pavlos Roditis Christos Gogos Maria Lagadinou Stelios F. Assimakopoulos Periklis Dousdampanis Ioanna Koniari |
| author_sort | Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | COVID-19 is one of the progressive viral pandemics that originated from East Asia. COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be associated with a chain of physio-pathological mechanisms that are basically immunological in nature. In addition, chemokines have been proposed as a subgroup of chemotactic cytokines with different activities ranging from leukocyte recruitment to injury sites, irritation, and inflammation to angiostasis and angiogenesis. Therefore, researchers have categorized the chemotactic elements into four classes, including CX3C, CXC, CC, and C, based on the location of the cysteine motifs in their structures. Considering the severe cases of COVID-19, the hyperproduction of particular chemokines occurring in lung tissue as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly worsen the disease prognosis. According to the studies conducted in the field documenting the changing expression of CXC and CC chemokines in COVID-19 cases, the CC and CXC chemokines contribute to this pandemic, and their impact could reflect the development of reasonable strategies for COVID-19 management. The CC and the CXC families of chemokines are important in host immunity to viral infections and along with other biomarkers can serve as the surrogates of vaccine-induced innate and adaptive protective responses, facilitating the improvement of vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, the immunogenicity elicited by the chemokine response to adenovirus vector vaccines may constitute the basis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:43:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-99812609454e48c795f69aaf07574dd3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:43:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-99812609454e48c795f69aaf07574dd32023-12-03T14:37:29ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-08-01108129910.3390/vaccines10081299The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective ResponsesMojgan Noroozi Karimabad0Gholamhossein Hassanshahi1Nicholas G. Kounis2Virginia Mplani3Pavlos Roditis4Christos Gogos5Maria Lagadinou6Stelios F. Assimakopoulos7Periklis Dousdampanis8Ioanna Koniari9Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 7717933777, IranMolecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 7717933777, IranDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, GreeceIntensive Care Unit, Patras University Hospital, 26500 Patras, GreeceDepartment of Cardiology, Mamatsio Kozanis General Hospital, 50100 Kozani, GreeceCOVID-19 Unit, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56403 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, GreeceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, GreeceDepartment of Nephrology, Saint Andrews State General Hospital, 26221 Patras, GreeceDepartment of Cardiology, University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UKCOVID-19 is one of the progressive viral pandemics that originated from East Asia. COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be associated with a chain of physio-pathological mechanisms that are basically immunological in nature. In addition, chemokines have been proposed as a subgroup of chemotactic cytokines with different activities ranging from leukocyte recruitment to injury sites, irritation, and inflammation to angiostasis and angiogenesis. Therefore, researchers have categorized the chemotactic elements into four classes, including CX3C, CXC, CC, and C, based on the location of the cysteine motifs in their structures. Considering the severe cases of COVID-19, the hyperproduction of particular chemokines occurring in lung tissue as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly worsen the disease prognosis. According to the studies conducted in the field documenting the changing expression of CXC and CC chemokines in COVID-19 cases, the CC and CXC chemokines contribute to this pandemic, and their impact could reflect the development of reasonable strategies for COVID-19 management. The CC and the CXC families of chemokines are important in host immunity to viral infections and along with other biomarkers can serve as the surrogates of vaccine-induced innate and adaptive protective responses, facilitating the improvement of vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, the immunogenicity elicited by the chemokine response to adenovirus vector vaccines may constitute the basis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1299CXC chemokinesCOVID-19coronavirusCC chemokinesvirus |
| spellingShingle | Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad Gholamhossein Hassanshahi Nicholas G. Kounis Virginia Mplani Pavlos Roditis Christos Gogos Maria Lagadinou Stelios F. Assimakopoulos Periklis Dousdampanis Ioanna Koniari The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses Vaccines CXC chemokines COVID-19 coronavirus CC chemokines virus |
| title | The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses |
| title_full | The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses |
| title_fullStr | The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses |
| title_short | The Chemokines CXC, CC and C in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease and as Surrogates of Vaccine-Induced Innate and Adaptive Protective Responses |
| title_sort | chemokines cxc cc and c in the pathogenesis of covid 19 disease and as surrogates of vaccine induced innate and adaptive protective responses |
| topic | CXC chemokines COVID-19 coronavirus CC chemokines virus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1299 |
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