Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing
Prompt gamma ray in proton therapy is the product of a nuclear reaction between a proton and a target. The characteristic energies and intensities of prompt gamma lines can be used to determine the types of elements and their amounts in the target. In several previous experiments, it was demonstrate...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Physics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.961162/full |
| _version_ | 1828134322734891008 |
|---|---|
| author | Jin-Long Wang Xiao-Guang Wu Zuo-Feng Li Shu-Qing Xie Da-Qian Hei Zi-Hao Zhao Andrii Rusanov Yun Zheng Cong-Bo Li Tian-Xiao Li Min Zheng Xiao-Dong Wang Da-Jun Ding Huo-Sheng Ruan |
| author_facet | Jin-Long Wang Xiao-Guang Wu Zuo-Feng Li Shu-Qing Xie Da-Qian Hei Zi-Hao Zhao Andrii Rusanov Yun Zheng Cong-Bo Li Tian-Xiao Li Min Zheng Xiao-Dong Wang Da-Jun Ding Huo-Sheng Ruan |
| author_sort | Jin-Long Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prompt gamma ray in proton therapy is the product of a nuclear reaction between a proton and a target. The characteristic energies and intensities of prompt gamma lines can be used to determine the types of elements and their amounts in the target. In several previous experiments, it was demonstrated that no matter how complex the reaction cross-section is, once the energy of the incident proton and the irradiated element are determined, there is a definite linear relationship between the element concentration and the number of gamma-ray photons. However, this linear relationship is difficult to apply to medical imaging, and the nonlinear behavior of hydrogen has not been investigated so far. In this study, this linear relationship is extended to mixed elemental materials including a nonlinear case such as hydrogen, and a universal mathematical form, which is referred to as the prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm (PGSRA), is developed. The basic assumption of the PGSRA is that the PGS of the sample material has a relationship with the molar gamma lines of the elements. For carbon and oxygen, this relationship is linear, while for hydrogen, this relationship is nonlinear. As the 2.23 MeV gamma line originates from neutron absorption radiation, the behavior of hydrogen is carefully investigated. The linear and nonlinear relationships are verified using Monte Carlo simulations with different combinations of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, such as PMMA, pentanediol, and ethanediol. The PGSRA developed in this work could be the first bridge between PGS and medical imaging. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T17:33:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-998292eda8484318b40c2689b8ef5849 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-424X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T17:33:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-998292eda8484318b40c2689b8ef58492022-12-22T04:11:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physics2296-424X2022-11-011010.3389/fphy.2022.961162961162Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computingJin-Long Wang0Xiao-Guang Wu1Zuo-Feng Li2Shu-Qing Xie3Da-Qian Hei4Zi-Hao Zhao5Andrii Rusanov6Yun Zheng7Cong-Bo Li8Tian-Xiao Li9Min Zheng10Xiao-Dong Wang11Da-Jun Ding12Huo-Sheng Ruan13Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, ChinaSchool of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, ChinaDepartment of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaSystem Physics, Elekta Limited, Crawley, United KingdomDepartment of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaHeyou Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Heyou International Hospital, Foshan, ChinaHeyou Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Heyou International Hospital, Foshan, ChinaHeyou Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Heyou International Hospital, Foshan, ChinaPrompt gamma ray in proton therapy is the product of a nuclear reaction between a proton and a target. The characteristic energies and intensities of prompt gamma lines can be used to determine the types of elements and their amounts in the target. In several previous experiments, it was demonstrated that no matter how complex the reaction cross-section is, once the energy of the incident proton and the irradiated element are determined, there is a definite linear relationship between the element concentration and the number of gamma-ray photons. However, this linear relationship is difficult to apply to medical imaging, and the nonlinear behavior of hydrogen has not been investigated so far. In this study, this linear relationship is extended to mixed elemental materials including a nonlinear case such as hydrogen, and a universal mathematical form, which is referred to as the prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm (PGSRA), is developed. The basic assumption of the PGSRA is that the PGS of the sample material has a relationship with the molar gamma lines of the elements. For carbon and oxygen, this relationship is linear, while for hydrogen, this relationship is nonlinear. As the 2.23 MeV gamma line originates from neutron absorption radiation, the behavior of hydrogen is carefully investigated. The linear and nonlinear relationships are verified using Monte Carlo simulations with different combinations of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, such as PMMA, pentanediol, and ethanediol. The PGSRA developed in this work could be the first bridge between PGS and medical imaging.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.961162/fullproton therapyprompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithmMonte CarloFLUKAneutron absorption |
| spellingShingle | Jin-Long Wang Xiao-Guang Wu Zuo-Feng Li Shu-Qing Xie Da-Qian Hei Zi-Hao Zhao Andrii Rusanov Yun Zheng Cong-Bo Li Tian-Xiao Li Min Zheng Xiao-Dong Wang Da-Jun Ding Huo-Sheng Ruan Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing Frontiers in Physics proton therapy prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm Monte Carlo FLUKA neutron absorption |
| title | Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing |
| title_full | Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing |
| title_fullStr | Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing |
| title_short | Prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing |
| title_sort | prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for element and density measurements accelerated by cloud computing |
| topic | proton therapy prompt gamma spectroscopy retrieval algorithm Monte Carlo FLUKA neutron absorption |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2022.961162/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jinlongwang promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT xiaoguangwu promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT zuofengli promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT shuqingxie promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT daqianhei promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT zihaozhao promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT andriirusanov promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT yunzheng promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT congboli promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT tianxiaoli promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT minzheng promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT xiaodongwang promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT dajunding promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing AT huoshengruan promptgammaspectroscopyretrievalalgorithmforelementanddensitymeasurementsacceleratedbycloudcomputing |