Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India.
<h4>Background</h4>In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, an increased incidence of ROCM was noted in India among those infected with COVID. We determined risk factors for rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among those never and ever hospitalize...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2022-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272042 |
| _version_ | 1818495525857525760 |
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| author | Manickam Ponnaiah Sivaraman Ganesan Tarun Bhatnagar Mahalakshmy Thulasingam Marie Gilbert Majella Mathan Karuppiah S A Rizwan Arun Alexander Sonali Sarkar Sitanshu Sekhar Kar Tamilarasu Kadhiravan Aparna Bhatnagar Prasanna Kumar S Vivekanandan M Pillai Pradeep Pankajakshan Nair Rahul Dhodapkar Pampa Ch Toi Rakesh Singh Nirupama Kasthuri Girish C P Kumar Saranya Jaisankar Vaibhav Saini Ankita Kankaria Anuradha Raj Amit Goyal Vidhu Sharma Satyendra Khichar Kapil Soni Mahendra Kumar Garg Kalaiselvi Selvaraj ShriKrishna B H Kranti Bhavana Bhartendu Bharti C M Singh Neha Chaudhary Vijayaravindh R Gopinath K Karthikeyan Palaninathan Simmi Dube Rita Singh Saxena Nikhil Gupta A Rathinavel S Priya Arulsundareshkumar Shama A Bellad Avinash Kavi Anilkumar S Harugop Kailesh Pujary Kirthinath Ballala Sneha Deepak Mallya Hanumanth M Prasad D Ravi N K Balaji Raghuraj Hegde Neha Mishra Shalina Ray S Karthikeyan Sudha Ramalingam A Murali Sudhakar Vaidya Mohit Samadhiya Dhaval Bhojani Somu Lakshmanan Sudagar R B Singh Nataraj Pillai P Deepthi K Banumathi V Sumathi D Ramesh Sonam Poonam Nissar Khushnood M Sheikh Manisha N Patel Vipul Shristava Suresh S Kumar K Shantaraman Rajkamal D Pandian Manoj Murhekar Rakesh Aggarwal |
| author_facet | Manickam Ponnaiah Sivaraman Ganesan Tarun Bhatnagar Mahalakshmy Thulasingam Marie Gilbert Majella Mathan Karuppiah S A Rizwan Arun Alexander Sonali Sarkar Sitanshu Sekhar Kar Tamilarasu Kadhiravan Aparna Bhatnagar Prasanna Kumar S Vivekanandan M Pillai Pradeep Pankajakshan Nair Rahul Dhodapkar Pampa Ch Toi Rakesh Singh Nirupama Kasthuri Girish C P Kumar Saranya Jaisankar Vaibhav Saini Ankita Kankaria Anuradha Raj Amit Goyal Vidhu Sharma Satyendra Khichar Kapil Soni Mahendra Kumar Garg Kalaiselvi Selvaraj ShriKrishna B H Kranti Bhavana Bhartendu Bharti C M Singh Neha Chaudhary Vijayaravindh R Gopinath K Karthikeyan Palaninathan Simmi Dube Rita Singh Saxena Nikhil Gupta A Rathinavel S Priya Arulsundareshkumar Shama A Bellad Avinash Kavi Anilkumar S Harugop Kailesh Pujary Kirthinath Ballala Sneha Deepak Mallya Hanumanth M Prasad D Ravi N K Balaji Raghuraj Hegde Neha Mishra Shalina Ray S Karthikeyan Sudha Ramalingam A Murali Sudhakar Vaidya Mohit Samadhiya Dhaval Bhojani Somu Lakshmanan Sudagar R B Singh Nataraj Pillai P Deepthi K Banumathi V Sumathi D Ramesh Sonam Poonam Nissar Khushnood M Sheikh Manisha N Patel Vipul Shristava Suresh S Kumar K Shantaraman Rajkamal D Pandian Manoj Murhekar Rakesh Aggarwal |
| author_sort | Manickam Ponnaiah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, an increased incidence of ROCM was noted in India among those infected with COVID. We determined risk factors for rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among those never and ever hospitalized for COVID-19 separately through a multicentric, hospital-based, unmatched case-control study across India.<h4>Methods</h4>We defined cases and controls as those with and without post-COVID ROCM, respectively. We compared their socio-demographics, co-morbidities, steroid use, glycaemic status, and practices. We calculated crude and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) through logistic regression. The covariates with a p-value for crude OR of less than 0·20 were considered for the regression model.<h4>Results</h4>Among hospitalised, we recruited 267 cases and 256 controls and 116 cases and 231 controls among never hospitalised. Risk factors (AOR; 95% CI) for post-COVID ROCM among the hospitalised were age 45-59 years (2·1; 1·4 to 3·1), having diabetes mellitus (4·9; 3·4 to 7·1), elevated plasma glucose (6·4; 2·4 to 17·2), steroid use (3·2; 2 to 5·2) and frequent nasal washing (4·8; 1·4 to 17). Among those never hospitalised, age ≥ 60 years (6·6; 3·3 to 13·3), having diabetes mellitus (6·7; 3·8 to 11·6), elevated plasma glucose (13·7; 2·2 to 84), steroid use (9·8; 5·8 to 16·6), and cloth facemask use (2·6; 1·5 to 4·5) were associated with increased risk of post-COVID ROCM.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Hyperglycemia, irrespective of having diabetes mellitus and steroid use, was associated with an increased risk of ROCM independent of COVID-19 hospitalisation. Rational steroid usage and glucose monitoring may reduce the risk of post-COVID. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T18:21:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-999c6987be484763b79ae1a515fe4b43 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T18:21:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-999c6987be484763b79ae1a515fe4b432022-12-22T01:38:11ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032022-01-01178e027204210.1371/journal.pone.0272042Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India.Manickam PonnaiahSivaraman GanesanTarun BhatnagarMahalakshmy ThulasingamMarie Gilbert MajellaMathan KaruppiahS A RizwanArun AlexanderSonali SarkarSitanshu Sekhar KarTamilarasu KadhiravanAparna BhatnagarPrasanna Kumar SVivekanandan M PillaiPradeep Pankajakshan NairRahul DhodapkarPampa Ch ToiRakesh SinghNirupama KasthuriGirish C P KumarSaranya JaisankarVaibhav SainiAnkita KankariaAnuradha RajAmit GoyalVidhu SharmaSatyendra KhicharKapil SoniMahendra Kumar GargKalaiselvi SelvarajShriKrishna B HKranti BhavanaBhartendu BhartiC M SinghNeha ChaudharyVijayaravindh RGopinath KKarthikeyan PalaninathanSimmi DubeRita Singh SaxenaNikhil GuptaA RathinavelS PriyaArulsundareshkumarShama A BelladAvinash KaviAnilkumar S HarugopKailesh PujaryKirthinath BallalaSneha Deepak MallyaHanumanth M PrasadD RaviN K BalajiRaghuraj HegdeNeha MishraShalina RayS KarthikeyanSudha RamalingamA MuraliSudhakar VaidyaMohit SamadhiyaDhaval BhojaniSomu LakshmananSudagar R B SinghNataraj PillaiP DeepthiK BanumathiV SumathiD RameshSonam Poonam NissarKhushnood M SheikhManisha N PatelVipul ShristavaSuresh S KumarK ShantaramanRajkamal D PandianManoj MurhekarRakesh Aggarwal<h4>Background</h4>In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, an increased incidence of ROCM was noted in India among those infected with COVID. We determined risk factors for rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among those never and ever hospitalized for COVID-19 separately through a multicentric, hospital-based, unmatched case-control study across India.<h4>Methods</h4>We defined cases and controls as those with and without post-COVID ROCM, respectively. We compared their socio-demographics, co-morbidities, steroid use, glycaemic status, and practices. We calculated crude and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) through logistic regression. The covariates with a p-value for crude OR of less than 0·20 were considered for the regression model.<h4>Results</h4>Among hospitalised, we recruited 267 cases and 256 controls and 116 cases and 231 controls among never hospitalised. Risk factors (AOR; 95% CI) for post-COVID ROCM among the hospitalised were age 45-59 years (2·1; 1·4 to 3·1), having diabetes mellitus (4·9; 3·4 to 7·1), elevated plasma glucose (6·4; 2·4 to 17·2), steroid use (3·2; 2 to 5·2) and frequent nasal washing (4·8; 1·4 to 17). Among those never hospitalised, age ≥ 60 years (6·6; 3·3 to 13·3), having diabetes mellitus (6·7; 3·8 to 11·6), elevated plasma glucose (13·7; 2·2 to 84), steroid use (9·8; 5·8 to 16·6), and cloth facemask use (2·6; 1·5 to 4·5) were associated with increased risk of post-COVID ROCM.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Hyperglycemia, irrespective of having diabetes mellitus and steroid use, was associated with an increased risk of ROCM independent of COVID-19 hospitalisation. Rational steroid usage and glucose monitoring may reduce the risk of post-COVID.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272042 |
| spellingShingle | Manickam Ponnaiah Sivaraman Ganesan Tarun Bhatnagar Mahalakshmy Thulasingam Marie Gilbert Majella Mathan Karuppiah S A Rizwan Arun Alexander Sonali Sarkar Sitanshu Sekhar Kar Tamilarasu Kadhiravan Aparna Bhatnagar Prasanna Kumar S Vivekanandan M Pillai Pradeep Pankajakshan Nair Rahul Dhodapkar Pampa Ch Toi Rakesh Singh Nirupama Kasthuri Girish C P Kumar Saranya Jaisankar Vaibhav Saini Ankita Kankaria Anuradha Raj Amit Goyal Vidhu Sharma Satyendra Khichar Kapil Soni Mahendra Kumar Garg Kalaiselvi Selvaraj ShriKrishna B H Kranti Bhavana Bhartendu Bharti C M Singh Neha Chaudhary Vijayaravindh R Gopinath K Karthikeyan Palaninathan Simmi Dube Rita Singh Saxena Nikhil Gupta A Rathinavel S Priya Arulsundareshkumar Shama A Bellad Avinash Kavi Anilkumar S Harugop Kailesh Pujary Kirthinath Ballala Sneha Deepak Mallya Hanumanth M Prasad D Ravi N K Balaji Raghuraj Hegde Neha Mishra Shalina Ray S Karthikeyan Sudha Ramalingam A Murali Sudhakar Vaidya Mohit Samadhiya Dhaval Bhojani Somu Lakshmanan Sudagar R B Singh Nataraj Pillai P Deepthi K Banumathi V Sumathi D Ramesh Sonam Poonam Nissar Khushnood M Sheikh Manisha N Patel Vipul Shristava Suresh S Kumar K Shantaraman Rajkamal D Pandian Manoj Murhekar Rakesh Aggarwal Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India. PLoS ONE |
| title | Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India. |
| title_full | Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India. |
| title_fullStr | Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India. |
| title_short | Hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization: Case-control study, India. |
| title_sort | hyperglycemia and steroid use increase the risk of rhino orbito cerebral mucormycosis regardless of covid 19 hospitalization case control study india |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272042 |
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