Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities
Traffic-related facilities typically have much lower metal emissions than other sources; however, they can be numerous and widespread as well. Subdividing pollution sources is necessary to assess soil contamination characteristics and identify sources according to the contamination cause. Anthropoge...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/278 |
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| author | Hong-gil Lee Yoon Joo Byun Young-Woo Chun Hoe-Jung Noh Dong-Jin Kim Hyun-Koo Kim Ji-In Kim |
| author_facet | Hong-gil Lee Yoon Joo Byun Young-Woo Chun Hoe-Jung Noh Dong-Jin Kim Hyun-Koo Kim Ji-In Kim |
| author_sort | Hong-gil Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traffic-related facilities typically have much lower metal emissions than other sources; however, they can be numerous and widespread as well. Subdividing pollution sources is necessary to assess soil contamination characteristics and identify sources according to the contamination cause. Anthropogenic contamination by metals was quantitatively determined using contamination factor (Cf) and evaluated using multivariate analysis. More than half of the concentrations for Zn, Pb, and Cu in soils were higher than that in the natural background (NB). Cf of metals was, in decreasing order, Zn > Pb = Cu > Ni = As. Zn, Pb, and Cu were identified as anthropogenic contaminants in correlation analysis. Principal component analysis showed that the two main contamination causes were coarse particles from the maintenance or crushing activities of vehicles and nonexhaust/exhaust emissions. Clusters were classified according to those two anthropogenic and lithogenic causes and included Group I (Zn, Pb, and Cu in garages, auto repair shops, and auto salvage yards), Group II (Zn, Pb, and Cu in parking lots, driving schools, and roadsides), and Group III (As and Ni with high lithogenic properties). Anthropogenic input and sources of soil contamination by metals in traffic-related facilities were appropriately estimated through the combination of Cf and multivariate analysis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-99ade598cd0e4fc0a988b8a142faf6ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-99ade598cd0e4fc0a988b8a142faf6ea2023-11-23T01:47:37ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-10-0191127810.3390/toxics9110278Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related FacilitiesHong-gil Lee0Yoon Joo Byun1Young-Woo Chun2Hoe-Jung Noh3Dong-Jin Kim4Hyun-Koo Kim5Ji-In Kim6Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaSoil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaSoil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaSoil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaSoil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaSoil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaSoil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyoung-ro, Incheon 22689, KoreaTraffic-related facilities typically have much lower metal emissions than other sources; however, they can be numerous and widespread as well. Subdividing pollution sources is necessary to assess soil contamination characteristics and identify sources according to the contamination cause. Anthropogenic contamination by metals was quantitatively determined using contamination factor (Cf) and evaluated using multivariate analysis. More than half of the concentrations for Zn, Pb, and Cu in soils were higher than that in the natural background (NB). Cf of metals was, in decreasing order, Zn > Pb = Cu > Ni = As. Zn, Pb, and Cu were identified as anthropogenic contaminants in correlation analysis. Principal component analysis showed that the two main contamination causes were coarse particles from the maintenance or crushing activities of vehicles and nonexhaust/exhaust emissions. Clusters were classified according to those two anthropogenic and lithogenic causes and included Group I (Zn, Pb, and Cu in garages, auto repair shops, and auto salvage yards), Group II (Zn, Pb, and Cu in parking lots, driving schools, and roadsides), and Group III (As and Ni with high lithogenic properties). Anthropogenic input and sources of soil contamination by metals in traffic-related facilities were appropriately estimated through the combination of Cf and multivariate analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/278metal contaminationanthropogenic contaminationurban trafficheavy metal |
| spellingShingle | Hong-gil Lee Yoon Joo Byun Young-Woo Chun Hoe-Jung Noh Dong-Jin Kim Hyun-Koo Kim Ji-In Kim Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities Toxics metal contamination anthropogenic contamination urban traffic heavy metal |
| title | Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities |
| title_full | Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities |
| title_short | Identification of Metal Contamination Sources and Evaluation of the Anthropogenic Effects in Soils near Traffic-Related Facilities |
| title_sort | identification of metal contamination sources and evaluation of the anthropogenic effects in soils near traffic related facilities |
| topic | metal contamination anthropogenic contamination urban traffic heavy metal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/278 |
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