The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria
σ<sup>54</sup> factor (RpoN), a type of transcriptional regulatory factor, is widely found in pathogenic bacteria. It binds to core RNA polymerase (RNAP) and regulates the transcription of many functional genes in an enhancer-binding protein (EBP)-dependent manner. σ<sup>54</sup...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12692 |
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| author | Chao Yu Fenghuan Yang Dingrong Xue Xiuna Wang Huamin Chen |
| author_facet | Chao Yu Fenghuan Yang Dingrong Xue Xiuna Wang Huamin Chen |
| author_sort | Chao Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | σ<sup>54</sup> factor (RpoN), a type of transcriptional regulatory factor, is widely found in pathogenic bacteria. It binds to core RNA polymerase (RNAP) and regulates the transcription of many functional genes in an enhancer-binding protein (EBP)-dependent manner. σ<sup>54</sup> has two conserved functional domains: the activator-interacting domain located at the N-terminal and the DNA-binding domain located at the C-terminal. RpoN directly binds to the highly conserved sequence, GGN<sub>10</sub>GC, at the −24/−12 position relative to the transcription start site of target genes. In general, bacteria contain one or two RpoNs but multiple EBPs. A single RpoN can bind to different EBPs in order to regulate various biological functions. Thus, the overlapping and unique regulatory pathways of two RpoNs and multiple EBP-dependent regulatory pathways form a complex regulatory network in bacteria. However, the regulatory role of RpoN and EBPs is still poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria, which cause economically important crop diseases and pose a serious threat to world food security. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulatory function of RpoN, including swimming motility, flagella synthesis, bacterial growth, type IV pilus (T4Ps), twitching motility, type III secretion system (T3SS), and virulence-associated phenotypes in phytopathogenic bacteria. These findings and knowledge prove the key regulatory role of RpoN in bacterial growth and pathogenesis, as well as lay the groundwork for further elucidation of the complex regulatory network of RpoN in bacteria. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:53:29Z |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:53:29Z |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-99bfcef144c440ad8f4399f9dfbb74d52023-11-23T02:26:36ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-11-0122231269210.3390/ijms222312692The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic BacteriaChao Yu0Fenghuan Yang1Dingrong Xue2Xiuna Wang3Huamin Chen4State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, ChinaNational Engineering Laboratory of Grain Storage and Logistics, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, Chinaσ<sup>54</sup> factor (RpoN), a type of transcriptional regulatory factor, is widely found in pathogenic bacteria. It binds to core RNA polymerase (RNAP) and regulates the transcription of many functional genes in an enhancer-binding protein (EBP)-dependent manner. σ<sup>54</sup> has two conserved functional domains: the activator-interacting domain located at the N-terminal and the DNA-binding domain located at the C-terminal. RpoN directly binds to the highly conserved sequence, GGN<sub>10</sub>GC, at the −24/−12 position relative to the transcription start site of target genes. In general, bacteria contain one or two RpoNs but multiple EBPs. A single RpoN can bind to different EBPs in order to regulate various biological functions. Thus, the overlapping and unique regulatory pathways of two RpoNs and multiple EBP-dependent regulatory pathways form a complex regulatory network in bacteria. However, the regulatory role of RpoN and EBPs is still poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria, which cause economically important crop diseases and pose a serious threat to world food security. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulatory function of RpoN, including swimming motility, flagella synthesis, bacterial growth, type IV pilus (T4Ps), twitching motility, type III secretion system (T3SS), and virulence-associated phenotypes in phytopathogenic bacteria. These findings and knowledge prove the key regulatory role of RpoN in bacterial growth and pathogenesis, as well as lay the groundwork for further elucidation of the complex regulatory network of RpoN in bacteria.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12692σ<sup>54</sup> factorenhancer-binding proteinsmotilityT3SSvirulence |
| spellingShingle | Chao Yu Fenghuan Yang Dingrong Xue Xiuna Wang Huamin Chen The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria International Journal of Molecular Sciences σ<sup>54</sup> factor enhancer-binding proteins motility T3SS virulence |
| title | The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria |
| title_full | The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria |
| title_fullStr | The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria |
| title_short | The Regulatory Functions of σ<sup>54</sup> Factor in Phytopathogenic Bacteria |
| title_sort | regulatory functions of σ sup 54 sup factor in phytopathogenic bacteria |
| topic | σ<sup>54</sup> factor enhancer-binding proteins motility T3SS virulence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12692 |
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