Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components
Papaya leaves are used frequently for curing scores of ailments. The medicinal properties of papaya leaves are due to presence of certain bioactive/pharmacological compounds. However, the papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a geminivirus, is a major threat to papaya cultivation globally. During the pre...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Цуврал: | Plants |
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| Онлайн хандалт: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/579 |
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| author | Sumit K. Soni Manoj Kumar Mishra Maneesh Mishra Swati Kumari Sangeeta Saxena Virendra Shukla Sudeep Tiwari Pramod Shirke |
| author_facet | Sumit K. Soni Manoj Kumar Mishra Maneesh Mishra Swati Kumari Sangeeta Saxena Virendra Shukla Sudeep Tiwari Pramod Shirke |
| author_sort | Sumit K. Soni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Papaya leaves are used frequently for curing scores of ailments. The medicinal properties of papaya leaves are due to presence of certain bioactive/pharmacological compounds. However, the papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a geminivirus, is a major threat to papaya cultivation globally. During the present investigation, we observed that PaLCuV infection significantly altered the anatomy, physiology, and bioactive properties of papaya leaves. As compared to healthy leaves, the PaLCuV-infected leaves were found to have reduced stomatal density (76.83%), stomatal conductance (78.34%), photosynthesis rate (74.87%), water use efficiency (82.51%), chlorophyll (72.88%), carotenoid (46.63%), osmolality (48.55%), and soluble sugars (70.37%). We also found lower enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT)—56.88%, 85.27%, and 74.49%, respectively). It was found that the size of guard cells (50%), transpiration rate (45.05%), intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (47.81%), anthocyanin (27.47%), proline content (74.17%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (106.65%), and electrolyte leakage (75.38%) was elevated in PaLCuV-infected leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that the infected plant leaves had a significantly lower value of maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem I (PSI (Y(I)), and effective quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)). However, in non-photochemical quenching mechanisms, the proportion of energy dissipated in heat form (Y(NPQ)) was found to be significantly higher. We also tested the bioactivity of infected and healthy papaya leaf extracts on a <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (<i>C. elegans</i>) model system. It was found that the crude extract of papaya leaves significantly enhanced the life span of <i>C. elegans</i> (29.7%) in comparison to virus-infected leaves (18.4%) on application of 100 µg/mL dose of the crude extract. Our research indicates that the PaLCuV-infected leaves not only had anatomical and physiological losses, but that pharmacological potential was also significantly decreased. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:26:21Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:26:21Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-99dfe6a88b374f8497a880a99c93f2812023-11-23T23:35:00ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-02-0111557910.3390/plants11050579Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive ComponentsSumit K. Soni0Manoj Kumar Mishra1Maneesh Mishra2Swati Kumari3Sangeeta Saxena4Virendra Shukla5Sudeep Tiwari6Pramod Shirke7Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, IndiaPlant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, IndiaCrop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, IndiaCrop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226025, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226025, IndiaDepartment of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, IsraelPlant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, IndiaPapaya leaves are used frequently for curing scores of ailments. The medicinal properties of papaya leaves are due to presence of certain bioactive/pharmacological compounds. However, the papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a geminivirus, is a major threat to papaya cultivation globally. During the present investigation, we observed that PaLCuV infection significantly altered the anatomy, physiology, and bioactive properties of papaya leaves. As compared to healthy leaves, the PaLCuV-infected leaves were found to have reduced stomatal density (76.83%), stomatal conductance (78.34%), photosynthesis rate (74.87%), water use efficiency (82.51%), chlorophyll (72.88%), carotenoid (46.63%), osmolality (48.55%), and soluble sugars (70.37%). We also found lower enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT)—56.88%, 85.27%, and 74.49%, respectively). It was found that the size of guard cells (50%), transpiration rate (45.05%), intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (47.81%), anthocyanin (27.47%), proline content (74.17%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (106.65%), and electrolyte leakage (75.38%) was elevated in PaLCuV-infected leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that the infected plant leaves had a significantly lower value of maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem I (PSI (Y(I)), and effective quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)). However, in non-photochemical quenching mechanisms, the proportion of energy dissipated in heat form (Y(NPQ)) was found to be significantly higher. We also tested the bioactivity of infected and healthy papaya leaf extracts on a <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (<i>C. elegans</i>) model system. It was found that the crude extract of papaya leaves significantly enhanced the life span of <i>C. elegans</i> (29.7%) in comparison to virus-infected leaves (18.4%) on application of 100 µg/mL dose of the crude extract. Our research indicates that the PaLCuV-infected leaves not only had anatomical and physiological losses, but that pharmacological potential was also significantly decreased.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/579<i>Carica papaya</i> L.PaLCuVanatomyphysiologybioactive properties |
| spellingShingle | Sumit K. Soni Manoj Kumar Mishra Maneesh Mishra Swati Kumari Sangeeta Saxena Virendra Shukla Sudeep Tiwari Pramod Shirke Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components Plants <i>Carica papaya</i> L. PaLCuV anatomy physiology bioactive properties |
| title | Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components |
| title_full | Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components |
| title_fullStr | Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components |
| title_full_unstemmed | Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components |
| title_short | Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components |
| title_sort | papaya leaf curl virus palcuv infection on papaya i carica papaya i l plants alters anatomical and physiological properties and reduces bioactive components |
| topic | <i>Carica papaya</i> L. PaLCuV anatomy physiology bioactive properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/5/579 |
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