Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial
Wholegrain flour produced by roller-milling is predominantly comprised of fine particles, while stoneground flour tends to have a comparatively smaller proportion of fine particles. Differences in flour particle size distribution can affect postprandial glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes and p...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2579 |
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| author | Evelyn Mete Jillian Haszard Tracy Perry Indrawati Oey Jim Mann Lisa Te Morenga |
| author_facet | Evelyn Mete Jillian Haszard Tracy Perry Indrawati Oey Jim Mann Lisa Te Morenga |
| author_sort | Evelyn Mete |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wholegrain flour produced by roller-milling is predominantly comprised of fine particles, while stoneground flour tends to have a comparatively smaller proportion of fine particles. Differences in flour particle size distribution can affect postprandial glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes and postprandial insulinaemia in people with and without type 2 diabetes. No prior studies have investigated the effect of wholegrain flour particle size distribution on glycaemic or insulinaemic response among people with impaired glucose tolerance or risk factors for type 2 diabetes. In a randomised crossover study, we tested the 180-min acute glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to three wholegrain breads differing in flour particle size and milling method: (1) fine roller-milled flour, (2) fine stoneground flour, and (3) coarse stoneground flour. Participants (<i>n</i> = 23) were males and females with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (age 55–75 y, BMI >28 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, completing less than 150 min moderate to vigorous intensity activity per week). Each test meal provided 50 g available carbohydrate, and test foods were matched for energy and macronutrients. There was no significant difference in blood glucose iAUC (incremental area under the curve) between the coarse stoneground flour bread and the fine stoneground flour bread (mean difference −20.8 (95% CI: −51.5, 10.0) mmol·min/L) and between the coarse stoneground flour bread and the fine roller-milled flour bread (mean difference −23.3 (95% CI: −57.6, 11.0) mmol·min/L). The mean difference in insulin iAUC for fine stoneground flour bread compared with the fine roller-milled flour bread was −6.9% (95% CI: −20.5%, 9.2%) and compared with the coarse stoneground flour bread was 9.9% (95% CI: −2.6%, 23.9%). There was no evidence of an effect of flour particle size on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia among older people with risk factors for type 2 diabetes, most of whom were normoglycaemic. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:31:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-99ebceacddc84dcfa97deda6003026fb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:31:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-99ebceacddc84dcfa97deda6003026fb2023-11-22T09:02:52ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-07-01138257910.3390/nu13082579Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover TrialEvelyn Mete0Jillian Haszard1Tracy Perry2Indrawati Oey3Jim Mann4Lisa Te Morenga5Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDivision of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandRiddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandWholegrain flour produced by roller-milling is predominantly comprised of fine particles, while stoneground flour tends to have a comparatively smaller proportion of fine particles. Differences in flour particle size distribution can affect postprandial glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes and postprandial insulinaemia in people with and without type 2 diabetes. No prior studies have investigated the effect of wholegrain flour particle size distribution on glycaemic or insulinaemic response among people with impaired glucose tolerance or risk factors for type 2 diabetes. In a randomised crossover study, we tested the 180-min acute glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to three wholegrain breads differing in flour particle size and milling method: (1) fine roller-milled flour, (2) fine stoneground flour, and (3) coarse stoneground flour. Participants (<i>n</i> = 23) were males and females with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (age 55–75 y, BMI >28 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, completing less than 150 min moderate to vigorous intensity activity per week). Each test meal provided 50 g available carbohydrate, and test foods were matched for energy and macronutrients. There was no significant difference in blood glucose iAUC (incremental area under the curve) between the coarse stoneground flour bread and the fine stoneground flour bread (mean difference −20.8 (95% CI: −51.5, 10.0) mmol·min/L) and between the coarse stoneground flour bread and the fine roller-milled flour bread (mean difference −23.3 (95% CI: −57.6, 11.0) mmol·min/L). The mean difference in insulin iAUC for fine stoneground flour bread compared with the fine roller-milled flour bread was −6.9% (95% CI: −20.5%, 9.2%) and compared with the coarse stoneground flour bread was 9.9% (95% CI: −2.6%, 23.9%). There was no evidence of an effect of flour particle size on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia among older people with risk factors for type 2 diabetes, most of whom were normoglycaemic.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2579grain particle sizewholegrain flourstone-milled flourstoneground flourglycaemiaacute blood glucose |
| spellingShingle | Evelyn Mete Jillian Haszard Tracy Perry Indrawati Oey Jim Mann Lisa Te Morenga Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial Nutrients grain particle size wholegrain flour stone-milled flour stoneground flour glycaemia acute blood glucose |
| title | Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial |
| title_full | Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial |
| title_short | Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial |
| title_sort | effect of wholegrain flour particle size in bread on glycaemic and insulinaemic response among people with risk factors for type 2 diabetes a randomised crossover trial |
| topic | grain particle size wholegrain flour stone-milled flour stoneground flour glycaemia acute blood glucose |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2579 |
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