Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>)
Citrus fruits have a distinctive flavor and can convey health benefits because of their unique phytochemicals. Phytochemical profiles are influenced by many factors, including variety and environmental growing conditions; however, the effect of the cultivation methods on the phytochemical profile of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/1/54 |
| _version_ | 1797343558366134272 |
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| author | Sung-Man Jeong Dong-Shin Kim Sang Suk Kim Hyun-Jin Kim |
| author_facet | Sung-Man Jeong Dong-Shin Kim Sang Suk Kim Hyun-Jin Kim |
| author_sort | Sung-Man Jeong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Citrus fruits have a distinctive flavor and can convey health benefits because of their unique phytochemicals. Phytochemical profiles are influenced by many factors, including variety and environmental growing conditions; however, the effect of the cultivation methods on the phytochemical profile of Satsuma mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) has received little attention. In this study, we examined the relationships between the cultivation conditions, sensory quality, and phytochemical profiles of <i>C. unshiu</i> cultivated using four methods: open field, greenhouse, film mulching, and tunnel farming. The soil water content differed significantly between the cultivation methods and showed a strong positive correlation with sourness, bitterness, and astringency and a strong negative correlation with sweetness. The metabolites of <i>C. unshiu</i> were not associated with the soil water content but with the soil mineral content, including nitrogen (N<sup>+</sup>), phosphorus (P<sup>+</sup>), and potassium (K<sup>+</sup>). The soil P<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> content was positively correlated with most secondary metabolites. The relative abundance of sugars did not differ significantly between the cultivation methods; however, the sweetness was higher under film mulching than under the other cultivation methods because of the suppression of sweetness by bitter compounds. We did not investigate the effect of other growing conditions, such as sunlight; however, the results improve our understanding of the effect of cultivation methods on the quality of <i>C. unshiu</i> and may inform crucial decisions concerning citrus cultivation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:49:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9a1ad0c0afa24c069ed130a328e90a45 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:49:31Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-9a1ad0c0afa24c069ed130a328e90a452024-01-26T16:49:49ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-01-011015410.3390/horticulturae10010054Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>)Sung-Man Jeong0Dong-Shin Kim1Sang Suk Kim2Hyun-Jin Kim3Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaInstitute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaCitrus Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Republic of KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of KoreaCitrus fruits have a distinctive flavor and can convey health benefits because of their unique phytochemicals. Phytochemical profiles are influenced by many factors, including variety and environmental growing conditions; however, the effect of the cultivation methods on the phytochemical profile of Satsuma mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) has received little attention. In this study, we examined the relationships between the cultivation conditions, sensory quality, and phytochemical profiles of <i>C. unshiu</i> cultivated using four methods: open field, greenhouse, film mulching, and tunnel farming. The soil water content differed significantly between the cultivation methods and showed a strong positive correlation with sourness, bitterness, and astringency and a strong negative correlation with sweetness. The metabolites of <i>C. unshiu</i> were not associated with the soil water content but with the soil mineral content, including nitrogen (N<sup>+</sup>), phosphorus (P<sup>+</sup>), and potassium (K<sup>+</sup>). The soil P<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> content was positively correlated with most secondary metabolites. The relative abundance of sugars did not differ significantly between the cultivation methods; however, the sweetness was higher under film mulching than under the other cultivation methods because of the suppression of sweetness by bitter compounds. We did not investigate the effect of other growing conditions, such as sunlight; however, the results improve our understanding of the effect of cultivation methods on the quality of <i>C. unshiu</i> and may inform crucial decisions concerning citrus cultivation.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/1/54<i>Citrus unshiu</i>cultivation methodsmetabolomicsphytochemicalssoil characteristics |
| spellingShingle | Sung-Man Jeong Dong-Shin Kim Sang Suk Kim Hyun-Jin Kim Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) Horticulturae <i>Citrus unshiu</i> cultivation methods metabolomics phytochemicals soil characteristics |
| title | Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) |
| title_full | Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) |
| title_short | Effects of the Cultivation Methods on the Sensory Quality and Phytochemical Profiles of Satsuma Mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i>) |
| title_sort | effects of the cultivation methods on the sensory quality and phytochemical profiles of satsuma mandarin i citrus unshiu i |
| topic | <i>Citrus unshiu</i> cultivation methods metabolomics phytochemicals soil characteristics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/1/54 |
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