Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists
Objectives: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breathing air were found to be altered in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy participants. The aim of this study was to confirm these findings and to examine for the first time whether these VOCs are stable or change in concentration durin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4385 |
| _version_ | 1827739374258749440 |
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| author | Anna Held Dariush Henning Carina Jiang Christoph Hoeschen Thomas Frodl |
| author_facet | Anna Held Dariush Henning Carina Jiang Christoph Hoeschen Thomas Frodl |
| author_sort | Anna Held |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breathing air were found to be altered in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy participants. The aim of this study was to confirm these findings and to examine for the first time whether these VOCs are stable or change in concentration during the early treatment course. Moreover, it was investigated whether there is a correlation of the VOCs with the existing psychopathology of schizophrenia patients, i.e., whether the concentration of masses detected in the breath gas changes when the psychopathology of the participants changes. Methods: The breath of a total of 22 patients with schizophrenia disorder was examined regarding the concentration of VOCs using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. The measurements were carried out at baseline and after two weeks at three different time points, the first time immediately after waking up in the morning, after 30 min, and then after 60 min. Furthermore, 22 healthy participants were investigated once as a control group. Results: Using bootstrap mixed model analyses, significant concentration differences were found between schizophrenia patients and healthy control participants (<i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 19, 33, 42, 59, 60, 69, 74, 89, and 93). Moreover, concentration differences were detected between the sexes for masses <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 42, 45, 57, 69, and 91. Mass <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 67 and 95 showed significant temporal changes with decreasing concentration during awakening. Significant temporal change over two weeks of treatment could not be detected for any mass. Masses <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 61, 71, 73, and 79 showed a significant relationship to the respective olanzapine equivalents. The length of hospital stay showed no significant relationship to the masses studied. Conclusion: Breath gas analysis is an easy-to-use method to detect differences in VOCs in the breath of schizophrenia patients with high temporal stability. <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 60 corresponding to trimethylamine might be of potential interest because of its natural affinity to TAAR receptors, currently a novel therapeutic target under investigation. Overall, breath signatures seemed to stable over time in patients with schizophrenia. In the future, the development of a biomarker could potentially have an impact on the early detection of the disease, treatment, and, thus, patient outcome. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:01:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9a57d161a30042acb4986506d13dfb7a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:01:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-9a57d161a30042acb4986506d13dfb7a2023-11-18T08:15:58ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-05-012811438510.3390/molecules28114385Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR AgonistsAnna Held0Dariush Henning1Carina Jiang2Christoph Hoeschen3Thomas Frodl4Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg (OVGU), 39106 Magdeburg, GermanyInstitute of Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg (OVGU), 39106 Magdeburg, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, GermanyObjectives: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breathing air were found to be altered in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy participants. The aim of this study was to confirm these findings and to examine for the first time whether these VOCs are stable or change in concentration during the early treatment course. Moreover, it was investigated whether there is a correlation of the VOCs with the existing psychopathology of schizophrenia patients, i.e., whether the concentration of masses detected in the breath gas changes when the psychopathology of the participants changes. Methods: The breath of a total of 22 patients with schizophrenia disorder was examined regarding the concentration of VOCs using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. The measurements were carried out at baseline and after two weeks at three different time points, the first time immediately after waking up in the morning, after 30 min, and then after 60 min. Furthermore, 22 healthy participants were investigated once as a control group. Results: Using bootstrap mixed model analyses, significant concentration differences were found between schizophrenia patients and healthy control participants (<i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 19, 33, 42, 59, 60, 69, 74, 89, and 93). Moreover, concentration differences were detected between the sexes for masses <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 42, 45, 57, 69, and 91. Mass <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 67 and 95 showed significant temporal changes with decreasing concentration during awakening. Significant temporal change over two weeks of treatment could not be detected for any mass. Masses <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 61, 71, 73, and 79 showed a significant relationship to the respective olanzapine equivalents. The length of hospital stay showed no significant relationship to the masses studied. Conclusion: Breath gas analysis is an easy-to-use method to detect differences in VOCs in the breath of schizophrenia patients with high temporal stability. <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 60 corresponding to trimethylamine might be of potential interest because of its natural affinity to TAAR receptors, currently a novel therapeutic target under investigation. Overall, breath signatures seemed to stable over time in patients with schizophrenia. In the future, the development of a biomarker could potentially have an impact on the early detection of the disease, treatment, and, thus, patient outcome.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4385volatile organic compoundsschizophreniabreath-analysis |
| spellingShingle | Anna Held Dariush Henning Carina Jiang Christoph Hoeschen Thomas Frodl Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists Molecules volatile organic compounds schizophrenia breath-analysis |
| title | Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists |
| title_full | Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists |
| title_fullStr | Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists |
| title_short | Dynamic Stability of Volatile Organic Compounds in Respiratory Air in Schizophrenic Patients and Its Potential Predicting Efficacy of TAAR Agonists |
| title_sort | dynamic stability of volatile organic compounds in respiratory air in schizophrenic patients and its potential predicting efficacy of taar agonists |
| topic | volatile organic compounds schizophrenia breath-analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/11/4385 |
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