Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory
Soil moisture is an important factor determining yield. With the increasing demand for agricultural irrigation water resources, evaluating soil moisture in advance to create a reasonable irrigation schedule would help improve water resource utilization. This paper established a continuous system for...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/1/25 |
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| author | Peng Gao Hongbin Qiu Yubin Lan Weixing Wang Wadi Chen Xiongzhe Han Jianqiang Lu |
| author_facet | Peng Gao Hongbin Qiu Yubin Lan Weixing Wang Wadi Chen Xiongzhe Han Jianqiang Lu |
| author_sort | Peng Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil moisture is an important factor determining yield. With the increasing demand for agricultural irrigation water resources, evaluating soil moisture in advance to create a reasonable irrigation schedule would help improve water resource utilization. This paper established a continuous system for collecting meteorological information and soil moisture data from a litchi orchard. With the acquired data, a time series model called Deep Long Short-Term Memory (Deep-LSTM) is proposed in this paper. The Deep-LSTM model has five layers with the fused time series data to predict the soil moisture of a litchi orchard in four different growth seasons. To optimize the data quality of the soil moisture sensor, the Symlet wavelet denoising algorithm was applied in the data preprocessing section. The threshold of the wavelets was determined based on the unbiased risk estimation method to obtain better sensor data that would help with the model learning. The results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) values of the Deep-LSTM model were 0.36, 0.52, 0.32, and 0.48%, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values were 2.12, 2.35, 1.35, and 3.13%, respectively, in flowering, fruiting, autumn shoots, and flower bud differentiation stages. The determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) were 0.94, 0.95, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively, in the four different stages. The results indicate that the proposed model was effective at predicting time series soil moisture data from a litchi orchard. This research was meaningful with regards to acquiring the soil moisture characteristics in advance and thereby providing a valuable reference for the litchi orchard’s irrigation schedule. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:09:40Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:09:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-9a6b1c2e07e34f4ab99d2c0c848bb6352023-11-23T12:34:59ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-12-011212510.3390/agriculture12010025Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term MemoryPeng Gao0Hongbin Qiu1Yubin Lan2Weixing Wang3Wadi Chen4Xiongzhe Han5Jianqiang Lu6College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, KoreaCollege of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaSoil moisture is an important factor determining yield. With the increasing demand for agricultural irrigation water resources, evaluating soil moisture in advance to create a reasonable irrigation schedule would help improve water resource utilization. This paper established a continuous system for collecting meteorological information and soil moisture data from a litchi orchard. With the acquired data, a time series model called Deep Long Short-Term Memory (Deep-LSTM) is proposed in this paper. The Deep-LSTM model has five layers with the fused time series data to predict the soil moisture of a litchi orchard in four different growth seasons. To optimize the data quality of the soil moisture sensor, the Symlet wavelet denoising algorithm was applied in the data preprocessing section. The threshold of the wavelets was determined based on the unbiased risk estimation method to obtain better sensor data that would help with the model learning. The results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) values of the Deep-LSTM model were 0.36, 0.52, 0.32, and 0.48%, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values were 2.12, 2.35, 1.35, and 3.13%, respectively, in flowering, fruiting, autumn shoots, and flower bud differentiation stages. The determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) were 0.94, 0.95, 0.93, and 0.94, respectively, in the four different stages. The results indicate that the proposed model was effective at predicting time series soil moisture data from a litchi orchard. This research was meaningful with regards to acquiring the soil moisture characteristics in advance and thereby providing a valuable reference for the litchi orchard’s irrigation schedule.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/1/25soil moistureLSTMwavelet denoisingunbiased risk estimationlitchideep learning |
| spellingShingle | Peng Gao Hongbin Qiu Yubin Lan Weixing Wang Wadi Chen Xiongzhe Han Jianqiang Lu Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory Agriculture soil moisture LSTM wavelet denoising unbiased risk estimation litchi deep learning |
| title | Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory |
| title_full | Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory |
| title_fullStr | Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory |
| title_short | Modeling for the Prediction of Soil Moisture in Litchi Orchard with Deep Long Short-Term Memory |
| title_sort | modeling for the prediction of soil moisture in litchi orchard with deep long short term memory |
| topic | soil moisture LSTM wavelet denoising unbiased risk estimation litchi deep learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/1/25 |
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