Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Abstract The Vajrasana pagoda is the only stone overturned-bowl pagoda among the 12 existing Vajrasana pagodas built during the Ming Dynasty in the Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. The location of the Vajrasana pagoda is in an earthquake-active zone with high rainfall. The smal...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Heritage Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01085-1 |
| _version_ | 1797397824940277760 |
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| author | Bo Li Yao Zhang Xun Bao Yu Wang Ying Zhang Deshan Cui Hong Guo |
| author_facet | Bo Li Yao Zhang Xun Bao Yu Wang Ying Zhang Deshan Cui Hong Guo |
| author_sort | Bo Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The Vajrasana pagoda is the only stone overturned-bowl pagoda among the 12 existing Vajrasana pagodas built during the Ming Dynasty in the Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. The location of the Vajrasana pagoda is in an earthquake-active zone with high rainfall. The small towers on the upper side were damaged by an earthquake in 1696 AD. All the stone statues representing religious figures have blistered and may peel further due to external factors, such as sunshine and rainfall. To assess the structural stability of the blistering, we employed 3D laser scanning to record the building’s geometry over time. Subsequently, X-ray diffraction, thin section identification, and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on the pagoda stone to reveal physical–mechanical properties. Finally, a finite element model was constructed to analyze stress and displacement in various scenarios. The results revealed: (1) Blistering on the pagoda stone is secure under self-gravity and heavy rainfall. (2) In an earthquake, the upper blistering near the junction of two sides may break. (3) A 3D color deviation model of blistering over 8 months showed peeling and bursting within the finite element simulation's predicted range. This research offers a fresh approach to stone tower preservation, shifting from reactive measures to proactive prevention and prediction. These methods and concepts hold relevance for stone towers in similar high-rainfall and earthquake-prone regions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:16:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9a8476d4c45b43ae900d09ca6d01f4c1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-7445 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:16:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heritage Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-9a8476d4c45b43ae900d09ca6d01f4c12023-12-10T12:28:04ZengSpringerOpenHeritage Science2050-74452023-12-0111111210.1186/s40494-023-01085-1Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaBo Li0Yao Zhang1Xun Bao2Yu Wang3Ying Zhang4Deshan Cui5Hong Guo6Beijing Guowenyan Conservation and Development of Cultural Heritage Co., LtdSchool of Archaeology and Museology, Peking UniversityFaculty of Engineering, China University of GeosciencesBeijing Guowenyan Conservation and Development of Cultural Heritage Co., LtdKunming Guandu District MuseumFaculty of Engineering, China University of GeosciencesInstitute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology BeijingAbstract The Vajrasana pagoda is the only stone overturned-bowl pagoda among the 12 existing Vajrasana pagodas built during the Ming Dynasty in the Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. The location of the Vajrasana pagoda is in an earthquake-active zone with high rainfall. The small towers on the upper side were damaged by an earthquake in 1696 AD. All the stone statues representing religious figures have blistered and may peel further due to external factors, such as sunshine and rainfall. To assess the structural stability of the blistering, we employed 3D laser scanning to record the building’s geometry over time. Subsequently, X-ray diffraction, thin section identification, and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on the pagoda stone to reveal physical–mechanical properties. Finally, a finite element model was constructed to analyze stress and displacement in various scenarios. The results revealed: (1) Blistering on the pagoda stone is secure under self-gravity and heavy rainfall. (2) In an earthquake, the upper blistering near the junction of two sides may break. (3) A 3D color deviation model of blistering over 8 months showed peeling and bursting within the finite element simulation's predicted range. This research offers a fresh approach to stone tower preservation, shifting from reactive measures to proactive prevention and prediction. These methods and concepts hold relevance for stone towers in similar high-rainfall and earthquake-prone regions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01085-1Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan TempleFinite element analysisStructural stabilityHeavy rainfallEarthquakeThree-dimensional laser scanning |
| spellingShingle | Bo Li Yao Zhang Xun Bao Yu Wang Ying Zhang Deshan Cui Hong Guo Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China Heritage Science Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple Finite element analysis Structural stability Heavy rainfall Earthquake Three-dimensional laser scanning |
| title | Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China |
| title_full | Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China |
| title_fullStr | Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China |
| title_short | Study on the structural stability of the blistering of the Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple, Kunming, Yunnan, China |
| title_sort | study on the structural stability of the blistering of the vajrasana pagoda in miaozhan temple kunming yunnan china |
| topic | Vajrasana pagoda in Miaozhan Temple Finite element analysis Structural stability Heavy rainfall Earthquake Three-dimensional laser scanning |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01085-1 |
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