The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is categorized arbitrarily based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in HF with reduced (HFrEF; LVEF < 40%), mildly reduced (HFmrEF; LVEF 40–49%), or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥ 50%). In this opinion paper, based on (patho)physiological consideration...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/250 |
| _version_ | 1797439556006445056 |
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| author | Andrew Xanthopoulos John Skoularigis Filippos Triposkiadis |
| author_facet | Andrew Xanthopoulos John Skoularigis Filippos Triposkiadis |
| author_sort | Andrew Xanthopoulos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heart failure (HF) is categorized arbitrarily based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in HF with reduced (HFrEF; LVEF < 40%), mildly reduced (HFmrEF; LVEF 40–49%), or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥ 50%). In this opinion paper, based on (patho)physiological considerations, we contend that the neurohormonal overactivity syndrome (NOHS), which is present in all symptomatic HF patients irrespective of their LVEF, not only contributes to the development of signs and symptoms but it is also a major determinant of patients’ outcomes. In this regard, NHOS is the only currently available treatment target in HF and should be combatted in most patients with the combined use of diuretics and neurohormonal inhibitors (β-blockers, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors). Unfortunately, despite the advances in therapeutics, HF mortality remains high. Probably machine learning approaches could better assess the multiple and higher-dimension interactions leading to the HF syndrome and define clusters of HF treatment efficacy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:55:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9aa25fa57b7448bf8d4094d2a6757fa3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:55:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-9aa25fa57b7448bf8d4094d2a6757fa32023-11-30T23:10:04ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292023-01-0113125010.3390/life13010250The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart FailureAndrew Xanthopoulos0John Skoularigis1Filippos Triposkiadis2Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, GreeceDepartment of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, GreeceDepartment of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, GreeceHeart failure (HF) is categorized arbitrarily based on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in HF with reduced (HFrEF; LVEF < 40%), mildly reduced (HFmrEF; LVEF 40–49%), or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥ 50%). In this opinion paper, based on (patho)physiological considerations, we contend that the neurohormonal overactivity syndrome (NOHS), which is present in all symptomatic HF patients irrespective of their LVEF, not only contributes to the development of signs and symptoms but it is also a major determinant of patients’ outcomes. In this regard, NHOS is the only currently available treatment target in HF and should be combatted in most patients with the combined use of diuretics and neurohormonal inhibitors (β-blockers, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors). Unfortunately, despite the advances in therapeutics, HF mortality remains high. Probably machine learning approaches could better assess the multiple and higher-dimension interactions leading to the HF syndrome and define clusters of HF treatment efficacy.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/250neurohormonaloveractivitysyndromeheart failuresodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors |
| spellingShingle | Andrew Xanthopoulos John Skoularigis Filippos Triposkiadis The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure Life neurohormonal overactivity syndrome heart failure sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors |
| title | The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure |
| title_full | The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure |
| title_fullStr | The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure |
| title_short | The Neurohormonal Overactivity Syndrome in Heart Failure |
| title_sort | neurohormonal overactivity syndrome in heart failure |
| topic | neurohormonal overactivity syndrome heart failure sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/250 |
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