Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark
Replacing synthetic surfactants by natural alternatives when formulating nanoemulsions has gained attention as a sustainable approach. In this context, nanoemulsions based on sweet almond oil and stabilized by saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> bark with glycerol as cosurfactant were prepared...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1538 |
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| author | Tatiana B. Schreiner Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart Andreia Ribeiro António M. Peres Madalena M. Dias Simão P. Pinho Maria Filomena Barreiro |
| author_facet | Tatiana B. Schreiner Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart Andreia Ribeiro António M. Peres Madalena M. Dias Simão P. Pinho Maria Filomena Barreiro |
| author_sort | Tatiana B. Schreiner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Replacing synthetic surfactants by natural alternatives when formulating nanoemulsions has gained attention as a sustainable approach. In this context, nanoemulsions based on sweet almond oil and stabilized by saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> bark with glycerol as cosurfactant were prepared by the high-pressure homogenization method. The effects of oil/water (O/W) ratio, total surfactant amount, and saponin/glycerol ratio on their stability were analyzed. The formation and stabilization of the oil-in-water nanoemulsions were analyzed through the evaluation of stability over time, pH, zeta potential, and particle size distribution analysis. Moreover, a design of experiments was performed to assess the most suitable composition based on particle size and stability parameters. The prepared nanoemulsions are, in general, highly stable over time, showing zeta potential values lower than −40 mV, a slight acid behavior due to the character of the components, and particle size (in volume) in the range of 1.1 to 4.3 µm. Response surface methodology revealed that formulations using an O/W ratio of 10/90 and 1.5 wt% surfactant resulted in lower particle sizes and zeta potential, presenting higher stability. The use of glycerol did not positively affect the formulations, which reinforces the suitability of preparing highly stable nanoemulsions based on natural surfactants such as saponins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T10:11:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ab6ba2a97694006b635ba427d9b56af |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T10:11:03Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ab6ba2a97694006b635ba427d9b56af2023-11-16T14:30:35ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-03-01257153810.3390/molecules25071538Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> BarkTatiana B. Schreiner0Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart1Andreia Ribeiro2António M. Peres3Madalena M. Dias4Simão P. Pinho5Maria Filomena Barreiro6Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalLaboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering – Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S/N, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalReplacing synthetic surfactants by natural alternatives when formulating nanoemulsions has gained attention as a sustainable approach. In this context, nanoemulsions based on sweet almond oil and stabilized by saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> bark with glycerol as cosurfactant were prepared by the high-pressure homogenization method. The effects of oil/water (O/W) ratio, total surfactant amount, and saponin/glycerol ratio on their stability were analyzed. The formation and stabilization of the oil-in-water nanoemulsions were analyzed through the evaluation of stability over time, pH, zeta potential, and particle size distribution analysis. Moreover, a design of experiments was performed to assess the most suitable composition based on particle size and stability parameters. The prepared nanoemulsions are, in general, highly stable over time, showing zeta potential values lower than −40 mV, a slight acid behavior due to the character of the components, and particle size (in volume) in the range of 1.1 to 4.3 µm. Response surface methodology revealed that formulations using an O/W ratio of 10/90 and 1.5 wt% surfactant resulted in lower particle sizes and zeta potential, presenting higher stability. The use of glycerol did not positively affect the formulations, which reinforces the suitability of preparing highly stable nanoemulsions based on natural surfactants such as saponins.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1538nanoemulsions<i>Quillaja</i> bark saponinhigh-pressure homogenizationdesign of experimentszeta potentialparticle size distribution |
| spellingShingle | Tatiana B. Schreiner Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart Andreia Ribeiro António M. Peres Madalena M. Dias Simão P. Pinho Maria Filomena Barreiro Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark Molecules nanoemulsions <i>Quillaja</i> bark saponin high-pressure homogenization design of experiments zeta potential particle size distribution |
| title | Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark |
| title_full | Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark |
| title_fullStr | Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark |
| title_short | Formulation and Optimization of Nanoemulsions Using the Natural Surfactant Saponin from <i>Quillaja</i> Bark |
| title_sort | formulation and optimization of nanoemulsions using the natural surfactant saponin from i quillaja i bark |
| topic | nanoemulsions <i>Quillaja</i> bark saponin high-pressure homogenization design of experiments zeta potential particle size distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1538 |
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