Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis?
According to the WHO, “cirrhosis of the liver” was the 11th leading cause of death globally in 2019. Many kinds of liver diseases can develop into liver cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis is the main pathological presentation of different aetiologies, including toxic damage, viral infection, and metaboli...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2021.802251/full |
| _version_ | 1798018273759985664 |
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| author | Xinyu Li Xinyu Li Quyan Zhang Quyan Zhang Zeyu Wang Quan Zhuang Mingyi Zhao |
| author_facet | Xinyu Li Xinyu Li Quyan Zhang Quyan Zhang Zeyu Wang Quan Zhuang Mingyi Zhao |
| author_sort | Xinyu Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | According to the WHO, “cirrhosis of the liver” was the 11th leading cause of death globally in 2019. Many kinds of liver diseases can develop into liver cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis is the main pathological presentation of different aetiologies, including toxic damage, viral infection, and metabolic and genetic diseases. It is characterized by excessive synthesis and decreased decomposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Hepatocyte cell death, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, and inflammation are crucial incidences of liver fibrosis. The process of fibrosis is also closely related to metabolic and immune disorders, which are usually induced by the destruction of oxygen homeostasis, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathway activation. Mitochondria are important organelles in energy generation and metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key factors activated when hypoxia occurs. Both are considered essential factors of liver fibrosis. In this review, the authors highlight the impact of oxygen imbalance on metabolism and immunity in liver fibrosis as well as potential novel targets for antifibrotic therapies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T16:21:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9acc4cec13b34ae7bc1ff1032c687d31 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-889X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T16:21:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-9acc4cec13b34ae7bc1ff1032c687d312022-12-22T04:14:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences2296-889X2022-02-01810.3389/fmolb.2021.802251802251Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis?Xinyu Li0Xinyu Li1Quyan Zhang2Quyan Zhang3Zeyu Wang4Quan Zhuang5Mingyi Zhao6Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaXiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaXiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaXiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaTransplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaDepartment of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaAccording to the WHO, “cirrhosis of the liver” was the 11th leading cause of death globally in 2019. Many kinds of liver diseases can develop into liver cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis is the main pathological presentation of different aetiologies, including toxic damage, viral infection, and metabolic and genetic diseases. It is characterized by excessive synthesis and decreased decomposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Hepatocyte cell death, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, and inflammation are crucial incidences of liver fibrosis. The process of fibrosis is also closely related to metabolic and immune disorders, which are usually induced by the destruction of oxygen homeostasis, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathway activation. Mitochondria are important organelles in energy generation and metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key factors activated when hypoxia occurs. Both are considered essential factors of liver fibrosis. In this review, the authors highlight the impact of oxygen imbalance on metabolism and immunity in liver fibrosis as well as potential novel targets for antifibrotic therapies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2021.802251/fullliver fibrosisoxidative stresshypoxia-inducible factorimmunometabolismmitochondrial dysfunction |
| spellingShingle | Xinyu Li Xinyu Li Quyan Zhang Quyan Zhang Zeyu Wang Quan Zhuang Mingyi Zhao Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis? Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences liver fibrosis oxidative stress hypoxia-inducible factor immunometabolism mitochondrial dysfunction |
| title | Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis? |
| title_full | Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis? |
| title_fullStr | Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis? |
| title_short | Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis? |
| title_sort | immune and metabolic alterations in liver fibrosis a disruption of oxygen homeostasis |
| topic | liver fibrosis oxidative stress hypoxia-inducible factor immunometabolism mitochondrial dysfunction |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2021.802251/full |
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