The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions
<p>Sea ice is difficult, expensive, and potentially dangerous to observe in nature. The remoteness of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean complicates sampling logistics, while the heterogeneous nature of sea ice and rapidly changing environmental conditions present challenges for conducting pr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| Online Access: | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/1833/2021/amt-14-1833-2021.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818343784694415360 |
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| author | M. Thomas M. Thomas J. France J. France J. France O. Crabeck O. Crabeck O. Crabeck B. Hall V. Hof D. Notz D. Notz T. Rampai L. Riemenschneider O. J. Tooth M. Tranter J. Kaiser |
| author_facet | M. Thomas M. Thomas J. France J. France J. France O. Crabeck O. Crabeck O. Crabeck B. Hall V. Hof D. Notz D. Notz T. Rampai L. Riemenschneider O. J. Tooth M. Tranter J. Kaiser |
| author_sort | M. Thomas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Sea ice is difficult, expensive, and potentially dangerous to observe in nature. The remoteness of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean complicates sampling logistics, while the heterogeneous nature of sea ice and rapidly changing environmental conditions present challenges for conducting process studies. Here, we describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC), a laboratory facility designed to reproduce polar processes and overcome some of these challenges. The RvG-ASIC is an open-topped 3.5 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>3</sup></span> glass tank housed in a cold room (temperature range: <span class="inline-formula">−55</span> to <span class="inline-formula">+30</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C). The RvG-ASIC is equipped with a wide suite of instruments for ocean, sea ice, and atmospheric measurements, as well as visible and UV lighting. The infrastructure, available instruments, and typical experimental protocols are described.</p>
<p>To characterise some of the technical capabilities of our facility, we have quantified the timescale over which our chamber exchanges gas with the outside, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">τ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.66</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.07</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="83pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3b103a1d601997f896a34f882a4ab34e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00001.svg" width="83pt" height="13pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> d, and the mixing rate of our experimental ocean, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">τ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4.2</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="76pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="816170eaf5673659b6a31f50cf82acfb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00002.svg" width="76pt" height="13pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> min. Characterising our light field, we show that the light intensity across the tank varies by less than 10 % near the centre of the tank but drops to as low as 60 % of the maximum intensity in one corner. The temperature sensitivity of our light sources over the 400 to 700 nm range (PAR) is <span class="inline-formula">(0.028±0.003)</span> W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, with a maximum irradiance of 26.4 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> at 0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C; over the 320 to 380 nm range, it is <span class="inline-formula">(0.16±0.1)</span> W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, with a maximum irradiance of 5.6 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> at 0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C.</p>
<p>We also present results characterising our experimental sea ice. The extinction coefficient for PAR varies from 3.7 to 6.1 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> when calculated from irradiance measurements exterior to the sea ice and from 4.4 to 6.2 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> when calculated from irradiance measurements within the sea ice. The bulk salinity of our experimental sea ice is measured using three techniques, modelled using a halo-dynamic one-dimensional (1D) gravity drainage model, and calculated from a salt and mass budget. The growth rate of our sea ice is between 2 and 4 cm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for air temperatures of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M22" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">9.2</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="59pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a44d5e88108d09e85877f9b2f27230bb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00003.svg" width="59pt" height="12pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M24" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">26.6</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="65pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="49c2ee1ca2e74cc3462b6b3f5c359a9e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00004.svg" width="65pt" height="12pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C. The PAR extinction coefficients, vertically integrated bulk salinities, and growth rates all lie within the range of previously reported comparable values for first-year sea ice. The vertically integrated bulk salinity and growth<span id="page1834"/> rates can be reproduced well by a 1D model. Taken together, the similarities between our laboratory sea ice and observations in nature, as well as our ability to reproduce our results with a model, give us confidence that sea ice grown in the RvG-ASIC is a good representation of natural sea ice.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T16:36:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ae30dbf5e354fb3b8fb392b81d40828 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1867-1381 1867-8548 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T16:36:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ae30dbf5e354fb3b8fb392b81d408282022-12-21T23:38:23ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Measurement Techniques1867-13811867-85482021-03-01141833184910.5194/amt-14-1833-2021The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactionsM. Thomas0M. Thomas1J. France2J. France3J. France4O. Crabeck5O. Crabeck6O. Crabeck7B. Hall8V. Hof9D. Notz10D. Notz11T. Rampai12L. Riemenschneider13O. J. Tooth14M. Tranter15J. Kaiser16Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UKDepartment of Physics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandCentre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UKBritish Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UKDepartment of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UKCentre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UKLaboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BelgiumUnité d’Océanographie Chimique, Freshwater and Oceanic sCience Unit reSearch (FOCUS), Université de Liége, Liége, BelgiumChemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyCenter for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyChemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyCentre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UKCentre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UKCentre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK<p>Sea ice is difficult, expensive, and potentially dangerous to observe in nature. The remoteness of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean complicates sampling logistics, while the heterogeneous nature of sea ice and rapidly changing environmental conditions present challenges for conducting process studies. Here, we describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC), a laboratory facility designed to reproduce polar processes and overcome some of these challenges. The RvG-ASIC is an open-topped 3.5 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>3</sup></span> glass tank housed in a cold room (temperature range: <span class="inline-formula">−55</span> to <span class="inline-formula">+30</span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C). The RvG-ASIC is equipped with a wide suite of instruments for ocean, sea ice, and atmospheric measurements, as well as visible and UV lighting. The infrastructure, available instruments, and typical experimental protocols are described.</p> <p>To characterise some of the technical capabilities of our facility, we have quantified the timescale over which our chamber exchanges gas with the outside, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">τ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.66</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.07</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="83pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3b103a1d601997f896a34f882a4ab34e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00001.svg" width="83pt" height="13pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> d, and the mixing rate of our experimental ocean, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">τ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4.2</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="76pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="816170eaf5673659b6a31f50cf82acfb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00002.svg" width="76pt" height="13pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> min. Characterising our light field, we show that the light intensity across the tank varies by less than 10 % near the centre of the tank but drops to as low as 60 % of the maximum intensity in one corner. The temperature sensitivity of our light sources over the 400 to 700 nm range (PAR) is <span class="inline-formula">(0.028±0.003)</span> W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, with a maximum irradiance of 26.4 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> at 0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C; over the 320 to 380 nm range, it is <span class="inline-formula">(0.16±0.1)</span> W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, with a maximum irradiance of 5.6 W m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> at 0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C.</p> <p>We also present results characterising our experimental sea ice. The extinction coefficient for PAR varies from 3.7 to 6.1 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> when calculated from irradiance measurements exterior to the sea ice and from 4.4 to 6.2 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> when calculated from irradiance measurements within the sea ice. The bulk salinity of our experimental sea ice is measured using three techniques, modelled using a halo-dynamic one-dimensional (1D) gravity drainage model, and calculated from a salt and mass budget. The growth rate of our sea ice is between 2 and 4 cm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for air temperatures of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M22" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">9.2</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="59pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a44d5e88108d09e85877f9b2f27230bb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00003.svg" width="59pt" height="12pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M24" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">26.6</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="65pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="49c2ee1ca2e74cc3462b6b3f5c359a9e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00004.svg" width="65pt" height="12pt" src="amt-14-1833-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C. The PAR extinction coefficients, vertically integrated bulk salinities, and growth rates all lie within the range of previously reported comparable values for first-year sea ice. The vertically integrated bulk salinity and growth<span id="page1834"/> rates can be reproduced well by a 1D model. Taken together, the similarities between our laboratory sea ice and observations in nature, as well as our ability to reproduce our results with a model, give us confidence that sea ice grown in the RvG-ASIC is a good representation of natural sea ice.</p>https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/1833/2021/amt-14-1833-2021.pdf |
| spellingShingle | M. Thomas M. Thomas J. France J. France J. France O. Crabeck O. Crabeck O. Crabeck B. Hall V. Hof D. Notz D. Notz T. Rampai L. Riemenschneider O. J. Tooth M. Tranter J. Kaiser The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |
| title | The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions |
| title_full | The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions |
| title_fullStr | The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions |
| title_short | The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): an experimental facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions |
| title_sort | roland von glasow air sea ice chamber rvg asic an experimental facility for studying ocean sea ice atmosphere interactions |
| url | https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/1833/2021/amt-14-1833-2021.pdf |
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