Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries
Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging food and water borne zoonotic disease, which is caused by genus Cryptosporidium. The first Cryptosporidium spp. was isolated from mice in 1907 and gained importance when it was found in an HIV positive patient. It usually causes self-limiting diarrhea in young childr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
The Running Line
2019-02-01
|
| Series: | Advancements in Life Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.als-journal.com/622-19/ |
| _version_ | 1797722437229477888 |
|---|---|
| author | Arsalan Zafar Muhammad Kasib Khan Zaheer Abbas Rao Zahid Abbas Zia ud Din Sindhu Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Shafi Hasni Hasnain Javed Muhammad Nadeem Hammad Ur Rehman Bajwa Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal Fatima Yasin |
| author_facet | Arsalan Zafar Muhammad Kasib Khan Zaheer Abbas Rao Zahid Abbas Zia ud Din Sindhu Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Shafi Hasni Hasnain Javed Muhammad Nadeem Hammad Ur Rehman Bajwa Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal Fatima Yasin |
| author_sort | Arsalan Zafar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging food and water borne zoonotic disease, which is caused by genus Cryptosporidium. The first Cryptosporidium spp. was isolated from mice in 1907 and gained importance when it was found in an HIV positive patient. It usually causes self-limiting diarrhea in young children and immunocompetent patients. However, it may lead to chronic diarrhea with life threatening condition in immunocompromised patients. Other complications related to this transmittable infection may include respiratory problems, skin rashes and headache. HIV/AIDS patients are highly susceptible host for this parasite. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the known pathogenic species, prevalent among humans and they are being transmitted through contaminated food and water. Usually, the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. is dependent on microscopic technique in many countries, which has a low sensitivity and specificity leading to false positive results. However, for a step forward to successful epidemiological studies, advanced techniques (Serological and DNA-based) provide us the better ways of diagnosis with more sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, no antiparasitic drug has found to be effective against Cryptosporidium spp. except Nitazoxanide which is FDA-approved and effective only when administered along with antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, present review summarizes the various epidemiological studies conducted around the globe along with modern diagnostic tools and the suitable treatment available now a days. This systemized review will help the scientists to better understand all the aspects of cryptosporidiosis at one platform which may help in designing surveillance studies through selection of sensitive diagnostic techniques. The new drugs mentioned in this review may also help to better control this parasite in humans, especially immunocompromised individuals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T09:47:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9ae477fa01fc400aaf2ca785fcb40b51 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2310-5380 2310-5380 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T09:47:18Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | The Running Line |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advancements in Life Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-9ae477fa01fc400aaf2ca785fcb40b512023-09-02T12:48:25ZengThe Running LineAdvancements in Life Sciences2310-53802310-53802019-02-01626670Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug DiscoveriesArsalan Zafar0Muhammad Kasib Khan1Zaheer Abbas2Rao Zahid Abbas3Zia ud Din Sindhu4Zafar Iqbal5Muhammad Shafi Hasni6Hasnain Javed7Muhammad Nadeem8Hammad Ur Rehman Bajwa9Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal10Fatima Yasin11Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanPunjab AIDS Control Program, Health Department, Government of Punjab, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanCryptosporidiosis is an emerging food and water borne zoonotic disease, which is caused by genus Cryptosporidium. The first Cryptosporidium spp. was isolated from mice in 1907 and gained importance when it was found in an HIV positive patient. It usually causes self-limiting diarrhea in young children and immunocompetent patients. However, it may lead to chronic diarrhea with life threatening condition in immunocompromised patients. Other complications related to this transmittable infection may include respiratory problems, skin rashes and headache. HIV/AIDS patients are highly susceptible host for this parasite. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the known pathogenic species, prevalent among humans and they are being transmitted through contaminated food and water. Usually, the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. is dependent on microscopic technique in many countries, which has a low sensitivity and specificity leading to false positive results. However, for a step forward to successful epidemiological studies, advanced techniques (Serological and DNA-based) provide us the better ways of diagnosis with more sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, no antiparasitic drug has found to be effective against Cryptosporidium spp. except Nitazoxanide which is FDA-approved and effective only when administered along with antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, present review summarizes the various epidemiological studies conducted around the globe along with modern diagnostic tools and the suitable treatment available now a days. This systemized review will help the scientists to better understand all the aspects of cryptosporidiosis at one platform which may help in designing surveillance studies through selection of sensitive diagnostic techniques. The new drugs mentioned in this review may also help to better control this parasite in humans, especially immunocompromised individuals.http://www.als-journal.com/622-19/Recent advancementsCryptosporidiumOpportunistic protozoaZoonosisRecent advancements |
| spellingShingle | Arsalan Zafar Muhammad Kasib Khan Zaheer Abbas Rao Zahid Abbas Zia ud Din Sindhu Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Shafi Hasni Hasnain Javed Muhammad Nadeem Hammad Ur Rehman Bajwa Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal Fatima Yasin Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries Advancements in Life Sciences Recent advancements Cryptosporidium Opportunistic protozoa Zoonosis Recent advancements |
| title | Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries |
| title_full | Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries |
| title_fullStr | Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries |
| title_short | Human Cryptosporidiosis: An insight into Epidemiology, Modern Diagnostic Tools and Recent Drug Discoveries |
| title_sort | human cryptosporidiosis an insight into epidemiology modern diagnostic tools and recent drug discoveries |
| topic | Recent advancements Cryptosporidium Opportunistic protozoa Zoonosis Recent advancements |
| url | http://www.als-journal.com/622-19/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT arsalanzafar humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT muhammadkasibkhan humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT zaheerabbas humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT raozahidabbas humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT ziauddinsindhu humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT zafariqbal humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT muhammadshafihasni humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT hasnainjaved humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT muhammadnadeem humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT hammadurrehmanbajwa humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT muhammadadnansabirmughal humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries AT fatimayasin humancryptosporidiosisaninsightintoepidemiologymoderndiagnostictoolsandrecentdrugdiscoveries |