RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators
Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew pathogens. There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the evolution, function, and recognition of these effectors....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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The American Phytopathological Society
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/MPMI-05-23-0054-CR |
| _version_ | 1797373556087062528 |
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| author | Shumei Wang Hazel McLellan Petra C. Boevink Paul R. J. Birch |
| author_facet | Shumei Wang Hazel McLellan Petra C. Boevink Paul R. J. Birch |
| author_sort | Shumei Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew pathogens. There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the evolution, function, and recognition of these effectors. Host proteins with a wide range of subcellular localizations and functions are targeted by RxLR effectors. Many processes are manipulated, including transcription, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, secretion, and intracellular trafficking. This involves an array of RxLR effector modes-of-action, including stabilization or destabilization of protein targets, altering or disrupting protein complexes, inhibition or utility of target enzyme activities, and changing the location of protein targets. Interestingly, approximately 50% of identified host proteins targeted by RxLR effectors are negative regulators of immunity. Avirulence RxLR effectors may be directly or indirectly detected by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins. Direct recognition by a single NLR of RxLR effector orthologues conserved across multiple Phytophthora pathogens may provide wide protection of diverse crops. Failure of RxLR effectors to interact with or appropriately manipulate target proteins in nonhost plants has been shown to restrict host range. This knowledge can potentially be exploited to alter host targets to prevent effector interaction, providing a barrier to host infection. Finally, recent evidence suggests that RxLR effectors, like cytoplasmic effectors from fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, may enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T18:52:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9aeed32202314382b89eb57860ac1679 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0894-0282 1943-7706 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T18:52:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | The American Phytopathological Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |
| spelling | doaj.art-9aeed32202314382b89eb57860ac16792023-12-28T17:25:48ZengThe American Phytopathological SocietyMolecular Plant-Microbe Interactions0894-02821943-77062023-12-01361275476310.1094/MPMI-05-23-0054-CRRxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and ManipulatorsShumei Wang0Hazel McLellan1Petra C. Boevink2Paul R. J. Birch3Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A.Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K.Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K.Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K.Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew pathogens. There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the evolution, function, and recognition of these effectors. Host proteins with a wide range of subcellular localizations and functions are targeted by RxLR effectors. Many processes are manipulated, including transcription, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, secretion, and intracellular trafficking. This involves an array of RxLR effector modes-of-action, including stabilization or destabilization of protein targets, altering or disrupting protein complexes, inhibition or utility of target enzyme activities, and changing the location of protein targets. Interestingly, approximately 50% of identified host proteins targeted by RxLR effectors are negative regulators of immunity. Avirulence RxLR effectors may be directly or indirectly detected by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins. Direct recognition by a single NLR of RxLR effector orthologues conserved across multiple Phytophthora pathogens may provide wide protection of diverse crops. Failure of RxLR effectors to interact with or appropriately manipulate target proteins in nonhost plants has been shown to restrict host range. This knowledge can potentially be exploited to alter host targets to prevent effector interaction, providing a barrier to host infection. Finally, recent evidence suggests that RxLR effectors, like cytoplasmic effectors from fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, may enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/MPMI-05-23-0054-CReffector targetseffector-triggered susceptibilityoomyceteRxLR and EER motifssusceptibility factor |
| spellingShingle | Shumei Wang Hazel McLellan Petra C. Boevink Paul R. J. Birch RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions effector targets effector-triggered susceptibility oomycete RxLR and EER motifs susceptibility factor |
| title | RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators |
| title_full | RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators |
| title_fullStr | RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators |
| title_full_unstemmed | RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators |
| title_short | RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators |
| title_sort | rxlr effectors master modulators modifiers and manipulators |
| topic | effector targets effector-triggered susceptibility oomycete RxLR and EER motifs susceptibility factor |
| url | https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/MPMI-05-23-0054-CR |
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