SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>are associated with faecal pollution of water, linked to swimmer-associated gastroenteritis and demonstrate a wide range of antibiotic resistanc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2011-09-01
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| Series: | BMC Microbiology |
| Online Access: | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/201 |
| _version_ | 1819030029926924288 |
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| author | Huygens Flavia Hargreaves Megan Rathnayake Irani |
| author_facet | Huygens Flavia Hargreaves Megan Rathnayake Irani |
| author_sort | Huygens Flavia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>are associated with faecal pollution of water, linked to swimmer-associated gastroenteritis and demonstrate a wide range of antibiotic resistance. The Coomera River is a main water source for the Pimpama-Coomera watershed and is located in South East Queensland, Australia, which is used intensively for agriculture and recreational purposes. This study investigated the diversity of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated antibiotic resistance profiles.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Total enterococcal counts (cfu/ml) for three/six sampling sites were above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended level during rainfall periods and fall into categories B and C of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines (with a 1-10% gastrointestinal illness risk). <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>isolates were grouped into 29 and 23 SNP profiles (validated by MLST analysis) respectively. This study showed the high diversity of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>over a period of two years and both human-related and human-specific SNP profiles were identified. 81.8% of <it>E. faecalis </it>and 70.21% of <it>E. faecium </it>SNP profiles were associated with genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance. Gentamicin resistance was higher in <it>E. faecalis </it>(47% resistant) and harboured the <it>aac</it>(6')-<it>aph</it>(2') gene. Ciprofloxacin resistance was more common in <it>E. faecium </it>(12.7% resistant) and <it>gyrA </it>gene mutations were detected in these isolates. Tetracycline resistance was less common in both species while <it>tet</it>(L) and <it>tet</it>(M) genes were more prevalent. Ampicillin resistance was only found in <it>E. faecium </it>isolates with mutations in the <it>pbp5 </it>gene. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in any of the isolates. We found that antibiotic resistance profiles further sub-divided the SNP profiles of both <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The distribution of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>genotypes is highly diverse in the Coomera River. The SNP genotyping method is rapid and robust and can be applied to study the diversity of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>in waterways. It can also be used to test for human-related and human-specific enterococci in water. The resolving power can be increased by including antibiotic-resistant profiles which can be used as a possible source tracking tool. This warrants further investigation.</p> |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2180 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T06:23:40Z |
| publishDate | 2011-09-01 |
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| series | BMC Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-9aeef6860ed6444bb8a8e05d706541ad2022-12-21T19:13:11ZengBMCBMC Microbiology1471-21802011-09-0111120110.1186/1471-2180-11-201SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profilesHuygens FlaviaHargreaves MeganRathnayake Irani<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>are associated with faecal pollution of water, linked to swimmer-associated gastroenteritis and demonstrate a wide range of antibiotic resistance. The Coomera River is a main water source for the Pimpama-Coomera watershed and is located in South East Queensland, Australia, which is used intensively for agriculture and recreational purposes. This study investigated the diversity of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated antibiotic resistance profiles.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Total enterococcal counts (cfu/ml) for three/six sampling sites were above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended level during rainfall periods and fall into categories B and C of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines (with a 1-10% gastrointestinal illness risk). <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>isolates were grouped into 29 and 23 SNP profiles (validated by MLST analysis) respectively. This study showed the high diversity of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>over a period of two years and both human-related and human-specific SNP profiles were identified. 81.8% of <it>E. faecalis </it>and 70.21% of <it>E. faecium </it>SNP profiles were associated with genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance. Gentamicin resistance was higher in <it>E. faecalis </it>(47% resistant) and harboured the <it>aac</it>(6')-<it>aph</it>(2') gene. Ciprofloxacin resistance was more common in <it>E. faecium </it>(12.7% resistant) and <it>gyrA </it>gene mutations were detected in these isolates. Tetracycline resistance was less common in both species while <it>tet</it>(L) and <it>tet</it>(M) genes were more prevalent. Ampicillin resistance was only found in <it>E. faecium </it>isolates with mutations in the <it>pbp5 </it>gene. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in any of the isolates. We found that antibiotic resistance profiles further sub-divided the SNP profiles of both <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The distribution of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>genotypes is highly diverse in the Coomera River. The SNP genotyping method is rapid and robust and can be applied to study the diversity of <it>E. faecalis </it>and <it>E. faecium </it>in waterways. It can also be used to test for human-related and human-specific enterococci in water. The resolving power can be increased by including antibiotic-resistant profiles which can be used as a possible source tracking tool. This warrants further investigation.</p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/201 |
| spellingShingle | Huygens Flavia Hargreaves Megan Rathnayake Irani SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles BMC Microbiology |
| title | SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles |
| title_full | SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles |
| title_fullStr | SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles |
| title_full_unstemmed | SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles |
| title_short | SNP diversity of <it>Enterococcus faecalis </it>and <it>Enterococcus faecium </it>in a South East Queensland waterway, Australia, and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles |
| title_sort | snp diversity of it enterococcus faecalis it and it enterococcus faecium it in a south east queensland waterway australia and associated antibiotic resistance gene profiles |
| url | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/11/201 |
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