Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils
Although the interaction between clay minerals and lime is the most effective factor in lime stabilization techniques, it has not been deeply evaluated. This research study investigated the microstructural characteristics of lime-stabilized Bentonite and Kaolin soils using X-ray diffraction (XRD), s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/10/1317 |
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| author | Sanaz Soltaninejad Seyed Morteza Marandi Naveen B.P. |
| author_facet | Sanaz Soltaninejad Seyed Morteza Marandi Naveen B.P. |
| author_sort | Sanaz Soltaninejad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although the interaction between clay minerals and lime is the most effective factor in lime stabilization techniques, it has not been deeply evaluated. This research study investigated the microstructural characteristics of lime-stabilized Bentonite and Kaolin soils using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. To consider the variation in clay mineralogy, these soils were mixed at varied ratios, stabilized, and then subjected to a durability process. The microstructural findings showed that the pozzolanic reactions with lime did not occur or occurred at a low level for Bentonite soil. However, they occurred at a very high level for Kaolin soil. The durability test confirmed the microstructural results and showed that the samples in which Bentonite soil had a share of 40 to 100% by dry weight of the soil did not last with any percent of lime. When the Kaolin soil content reached 100% by dry weight of the soil, the specimens lasted in the best possible way, even with 4% of the lime. This study concluded that the determination of optimum lime content based on the amounts and types of soil clay minerals is an important innovation for geotechnical projects and may be very cost-effective. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:01:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9afa1748d45b4a8eadd257fd33d3573f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:01:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-9afa1748d45b4a8eadd257fd33d3573f2023-11-19T17:30:43ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2023-10-011310131710.3390/min13101317Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay SoilsSanaz Soltaninejad0Seyed Morteza Marandi1Naveen B.P.2Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616913439, IranDepartment of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616913439, IranDepartment of Civil Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, IndiaAlthough the interaction between clay minerals and lime is the most effective factor in lime stabilization techniques, it has not been deeply evaluated. This research study investigated the microstructural characteristics of lime-stabilized Bentonite and Kaolin soils using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. To consider the variation in clay mineralogy, these soils were mixed at varied ratios, stabilized, and then subjected to a durability process. The microstructural findings showed that the pozzolanic reactions with lime did not occur or occurred at a low level for Bentonite soil. However, they occurred at a very high level for Kaolin soil. The durability test confirmed the microstructural results and showed that the samples in which Bentonite soil had a share of 40 to 100% by dry weight of the soil did not last with any percent of lime. When the Kaolin soil content reached 100% by dry weight of the soil, the specimens lasted in the best possible way, even with 4% of the lime. This study concluded that the determination of optimum lime content based on the amounts and types of soil clay minerals is an important innovation for geotechnical projects and may be very cost-effective.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/10/1317clay mineralsPozzolanic reactionKaolinBentonitewetting-dryingSEM-EDX |
| spellingShingle | Sanaz Soltaninejad Seyed Morteza Marandi Naveen B.P. Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils Minerals clay minerals Pozzolanic reaction Kaolin Bentonite wetting-drying SEM-EDX |
| title | Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils |
| title_full | Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils |
| title_short | Effects of the Types and Amounts of Clay Minerals on Durability of Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils |
| title_sort | effects of the types and amounts of clay minerals on durability of lime stabilized clay soils |
| topic | clay minerals Pozzolanic reaction Kaolin Bentonite wetting-drying SEM-EDX |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/13/10/1317 |
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