The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
In this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user’s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at hi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/5/681 |
| _version_ | 1797475352037031936 |
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| author | Abdulrahman M. Shalaby Noor Shamsiah Othman |
| author_facet | Abdulrahman M. Shalaby Noor Shamsiah Othman |
| author_sort | Abdulrahman M. Shalaby |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user’s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at high frequencies. The problem of finding the UAV 3D placement is formulated with the objective to minimize the total path loss between the UAV and all users. The problem is solved by invoking two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gradient Descent (GD) algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by considering two scenarios to determine the optimum location of the UAV, namely outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios. The simulation results show that, for the outdoor-to-outdoor scenario, both algorithms resulted in similar UAV 3D placement unlike for the outdoor-to-indoor scenario. Additionally, in both scenarios, the proposed algorithm that invokes PSO requires less iterations to converge to the minimum transmit power compared to that of the algorithm that invokes GD. Moreover, it is also observed that the rain attenuation increases the total path loss for high operating frequencies, namely at 24.9 GHz and 28.1 GHz. Hence, this resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power. At 28.1 GHz, the presence of rain at the rate of 250 mm/h resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power by a factor of 4 and 15 for outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:43:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9b24ffa15a3a4312a181595d17adcf11 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:43:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9b24ffa15a3a4312a181595d17adcf112023-11-23T22:52:25ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922022-02-0111568110.3390/electronics11050681The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in MalaysiaAbdulrahman M. Shalaby0Noor Shamsiah Othman1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaIn this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user’s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at high frequencies. The problem of finding the UAV 3D placement is formulated with the objective to minimize the total path loss between the UAV and all users. The problem is solved by invoking two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gradient Descent (GD) algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by considering two scenarios to determine the optimum location of the UAV, namely outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios. The simulation results show that, for the outdoor-to-outdoor scenario, both algorithms resulted in similar UAV 3D placement unlike for the outdoor-to-indoor scenario. Additionally, in both scenarios, the proposed algorithm that invokes PSO requires less iterations to converge to the minimum transmit power compared to that of the algorithm that invokes GD. Moreover, it is also observed that the rain attenuation increases the total path loss for high operating frequencies, namely at 24.9 GHz and 28.1 GHz. Hence, this resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power. At 28.1 GHz, the presence of rain at the rate of 250 mm/h resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power by a factor of 4 and 15 for outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/5/6815Gwireless communicationparticle swarm optimizationgradient descentpath lossline of sight probability |
| spellingShingle | Abdulrahman M. Shalaby Noor Shamsiah Othman The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia Electronics 5G wireless communication particle swarm optimization gradient descent path loss line of sight probability |
| title | The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia |
| title_full | The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia |
| title_short | The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia |
| title_sort | effect of rainfall on the uav placement for 5g spectrum in malaysia |
| topic | 5G wireless communication particle swarm optimization gradient descent path loss line of sight probability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/5/681 |
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