Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising graphene-based material, with transversal applicability to a wide range of technological fields. Nevertheless, the common use of efficient—but hazardous to environment and toxic—reducing agents prevents its application in biological and other fields. Conse...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/3/732 |
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| author | Ana Barra Oana Lazăr Aida Pantazi María J. Hortigüela Gonzalo Otero-Irurueta Marius Enăchescu Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky Cláudia Nunes Paula Ferreira |
| author_facet | Ana Barra Oana Lazăr Aida Pantazi María J. Hortigüela Gonzalo Otero-Irurueta Marius Enăchescu Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky Cláudia Nunes Paula Ferreira |
| author_sort | Ana Barra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising graphene-based material, with transversal applicability to a wide range of technological fields. Nevertheless, the common use of efficient—but hazardous to environment and toxic—reducing agents prevents its application in biological and other fields. Consequently, the development of green reducing strategies is a requirement to overcome this issue. Herein, a green, simple, and cost-effective one-step reduction methodology is presented. Graphene oxide (GO) was hydrothermally reduced in the presence of caffeic acid (CA), a natural occurring phenolic compound. The improvement of the hydrothermal reduction through the presence of CA is confirmed by XRD, Raman, XPS and TGA analysis. Moreover, CA polymerizes under hydrothermal conditions with the formation of spherical and non-spherical carbon particles, which can be useful for further rGO functionalization. FTIR and XPS confirm the oxygen removal in the reduced samples. The high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) images also support the reduction, showing rGO samples with an ordered graphitic layered structure. The promising rGO synthesized by this eco-friendly methodology can be explored for many applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:14:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9b67b8c03e684c8db21db70056f04790 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:14:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-9b67b8c03e684c8db21db70056f047902023-11-21T10:29:36ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-03-0111373210.3390/nano11030732Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene OxideAna Barra0Oana Lazăr1Aida Pantazi2María J. Hortigüela3Gonzalo Otero-Irurueta4Marius Enăchescu5Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky6Cláudia Nunes7Paula Ferreira8Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCenter for Surface Science and Nanotechnology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaCenter for Surface Science and Nanotechnology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaCentre for Mechanical Technology & Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCentre for Mechanical Technology & Automation, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCenter for Surface Science and Nanotechnology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaMaterials Science Institute of Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalDepartment of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalReduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising graphene-based material, with transversal applicability to a wide range of technological fields. Nevertheless, the common use of efficient—but hazardous to environment and toxic—reducing agents prevents its application in biological and other fields. Consequently, the development of green reducing strategies is a requirement to overcome this issue. Herein, a green, simple, and cost-effective one-step reduction methodology is presented. Graphene oxide (GO) was hydrothermally reduced in the presence of caffeic acid (CA), a natural occurring phenolic compound. The improvement of the hydrothermal reduction through the presence of CA is confirmed by XRD, Raman, XPS and TGA analysis. Moreover, CA polymerizes under hydrothermal conditions with the formation of spherical and non-spherical carbon particles, which can be useful for further rGO functionalization. FTIR and XPS confirm the oxygen removal in the reduced samples. The high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) images also support the reduction, showing rGO samples with an ordered graphitic layered structure. The promising rGO synthesized by this eco-friendly methodology can be explored for many applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/3/732reduced graphene oxidecaffeic acidhydrothermal reductioncarbon spheressustainable |
| spellingShingle | Ana Barra Oana Lazăr Aida Pantazi María J. Hortigüela Gonzalo Otero-Irurueta Marius Enăchescu Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky Cláudia Nunes Paula Ferreira Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials reduced graphene oxide caffeic acid hydrothermal reduction carbon spheres sustainable |
| title | Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| title_full | Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| title_fullStr | Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| title_full_unstemmed | Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| title_short | Joining Caffeic Acid and Hydrothermal Treatment to Produce Environmentally Benign Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| title_sort | joining caffeic acid and hydrothermal treatment to produce environmentally benign highly reduced graphene oxide |
| topic | reduced graphene oxide caffeic acid hydrothermal reduction carbon spheres sustainable |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/3/732 |
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