Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i>
Toad venom is a traditional Chinese medicine with high medicinal value. The existing quality evaluation standards of toad venom have obvious limitations because of the lack of research on proteins. Thus, it is necessary to screen suitable quality markers and establish appropriate quality evaluation...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3628 |
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| author | Meiyun Yang Weiwei Huan Guobing Zhang Jie Li Fengyan Xia Rabia Durrani Wei Zhao Jidong Lu Xinmeng Peng Fei Gao |
| author_facet | Meiyun Yang Weiwei Huan Guobing Zhang Jie Li Fengyan Xia Rabia Durrani Wei Zhao Jidong Lu Xinmeng Peng Fei Gao |
| author_sort | Meiyun Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Toad venom is a traditional Chinese medicine with high medicinal value. The existing quality evaluation standards of toad venom have obvious limitations because of the lack of research on proteins. Thus, it is necessary to screen suitable quality markers and establish appropriate quality evaluation methods for toad venom proteins to guarantee their safety and efficacy in clinical applications. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and cytotoxicity assays were used to analyze differences in protein components of toad venom from different areas. Functional proteins were screened as potential quality markers by proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. The protein components and small molecular components of toad venom were not correlated in content. Additionally, the protein component had strong cytotoxicity. Proteomics analysis showed that 13 antimicrobial proteins, four anti-inflammatory and analgesic proteins, and 20 antitumor proteins were differentially expressed extracellular proteins. A candidate list of functional proteins was coded as potential quality markers. Moreover, Lysozyme C-1, which has antimicrobial activity, and Neuropeptide B (NPB), which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, were identified as potential quality markers for toad venom proteins. Quality markers can be used as the basis of quality studies of toad venom proteins and help to construct and improve safe, scientific, and comprehensive quality evaluation methods. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:41:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9b8b005c7f714a0fbd99d400b06e6ceb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:41:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-9b8b005c7f714a0fbd99d400b06e6ceb2023-11-17T20:41:44ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-04-01288362810.3390/molecules28083628Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i>Meiyun Yang0Weiwei Huan1Guobing Zhang2Jie Li3Fengyan Xia4Rabia Durrani5Wei Zhao6Jidong Lu7Xinmeng Peng8Fei Gao9Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaDepartment of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Province People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 313000, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaToad venom is a traditional Chinese medicine with high medicinal value. The existing quality evaluation standards of toad venom have obvious limitations because of the lack of research on proteins. Thus, it is necessary to screen suitable quality markers and establish appropriate quality evaluation methods for toad venom proteins to guarantee their safety and efficacy in clinical applications. SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and cytotoxicity assays were used to analyze differences in protein components of toad venom from different areas. Functional proteins were screened as potential quality markers by proteomic and bioinformatic analyses. The protein components and small molecular components of toad venom were not correlated in content. Additionally, the protein component had strong cytotoxicity. Proteomics analysis showed that 13 antimicrobial proteins, four anti-inflammatory and analgesic proteins, and 20 antitumor proteins were differentially expressed extracellular proteins. A candidate list of functional proteins was coded as potential quality markers. Moreover, Lysozyme C-1, which has antimicrobial activity, and Neuropeptide B (NPB), which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, were identified as potential quality markers for toad venom proteins. Quality markers can be used as the basis of quality studies of toad venom proteins and help to construct and improve safe, scientific, and comprehensive quality evaluation methods.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3628<i>Bufo gargarizans</i>ear-side glandstoad venomproteomicsextracellular proteinsantimicrobial activity |
| spellingShingle | Meiyun Yang Weiwei Huan Guobing Zhang Jie Li Fengyan Xia Rabia Durrani Wei Zhao Jidong Lu Xinmeng Peng Fei Gao Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> Molecules <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> ear-side glands toad venom proteomics extracellular proteins antimicrobial activity |
| title | Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> |
| title_full | Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> |
| title_short | Identification of Protein Quality Markers in Toad Venom from <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> |
| title_sort | identification of protein quality markers in toad venom from i bufo gargarizans i |
| topic | <i>Bufo gargarizans</i> ear-side glands toad venom proteomics extracellular proteins antimicrobial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3628 |
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