Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses
<p>Arctic air masses undergo intense transformations when moving southward from closed sea ice to warmer open waters in marine cold-air outbreaks (CAOs). Due to the lack of measurements of diabatic heating and moisture uptake rates along CAO flows, studies often depend on atmospheric reanalys...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/3883/2024/acp-24-3883-2024.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797229328378888192 |
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| author | B. Kirbus I. Schirmacher M. Klingebiel M. Schäfer A. Ehrlich N. Slättberg J. Lucke J. Lucke M. Moser H. Müller M. Wendisch |
| author_facet | B. Kirbus I. Schirmacher M. Klingebiel M. Schäfer A. Ehrlich N. Slättberg J. Lucke J. Lucke M. Moser H. Müller M. Wendisch |
| author_sort | B. Kirbus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Arctic air masses undergo intense transformations when moving southward from closed sea ice to warmer open waters in marine cold-air outbreaks (CAOs). Due to the lack of measurements of diabatic heating and moisture uptake rates along CAO flows, studies often depend on atmospheric reanalysis output. However, the uncertainties connected to those datasets remain unclear. Here, we present height-resolved airborne observations of diabatic heating, moisture uptake, and cloud evolution measured in a quasi-Lagrangian manner. The investigated CAO was observed on 1 April 2022 during the HALO-(AC)<span class="inline-formula"><sup>3</sup></span> campaign. Shortly after passing the sea-ice edge, maximum diabatic heating rates over 6 <span class="inline-formula">K h<sup>−1</sup></span> and moisture uptake over 0.3 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="49pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3cfaa5d9f653db1d0fd69eb6901d9103"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-24-3883-2024-ie00001.svg" width="49pt" height="15pt" src="acp-24-3883-2024-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> were measured near the surface. Clouds started forming and vertical mixing within the deepening boundary layer intensified. The quasi-Lagrangian observations are compared with the fifth-generation global reanalysis (ERA5) and the Copernicus Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA). Compared to these observations, the mean absolute errors of ERA5 versus CARRA data are 14 % higher for air temperature over sea ice (1.14 K versus 1.00 K) and 62 % higher for specific humidity over ice-free ocean (0.112 <span class="inline-formula">g kg<sup>−1</sup></span> versus 0.069 <span class="inline-formula">g kg<sup>−1</sup></span>). We relate these differences to issues with the representation of the marginal ice zone and corresponding surface fluxes in ERA5, as well as the cloud scheme producing excess liquid-bearing, precipitating clouds, which causes a too-dry marine boundary layer. CARRA's high spatial resolution and demonstrated higher fidelity towards observations make it a promising candidate for further studies on Arctic air mass transformations.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T15:10:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9bccf97a74a54abd9e5cec03ff4198c9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T15:10:51Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-9bccf97a74a54abd9e5cec03ff4198c92024-04-02T11:22:05ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242024-04-01243883390410.5194/acp-24-3883-2024Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalysesB. Kirbus0I. Schirmacher1M. Klingebiel2M. Schäfer3A. Ehrlich4N. Slättberg5J. Lucke6J. Lucke7M. Moser8H. Müller9M. Wendisch10Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyInstitute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanyLeipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyLeipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyLeipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyAlfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, GermanyInstitute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, GermanyFaculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the NetherlandsInstitute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, GermanyLeipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, GermanyLeipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany<p>Arctic air masses undergo intense transformations when moving southward from closed sea ice to warmer open waters in marine cold-air outbreaks (CAOs). Due to the lack of measurements of diabatic heating and moisture uptake rates along CAO flows, studies often depend on atmospheric reanalysis output. However, the uncertainties connected to those datasets remain unclear. Here, we present height-resolved airborne observations of diabatic heating, moisture uptake, and cloud evolution measured in a quasi-Lagrangian manner. The investigated CAO was observed on 1 April 2022 during the HALO-(AC)<span class="inline-formula"><sup>3</sup></span> campaign. Shortly after passing the sea-ice edge, maximum diabatic heating rates over 6 <span class="inline-formula">K h<sup>−1</sup></span> and moisture uptake over 0.3 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="49pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3cfaa5d9f653db1d0fd69eb6901d9103"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-24-3883-2024-ie00001.svg" width="49pt" height="15pt" src="acp-24-3883-2024-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> were measured near the surface. Clouds started forming and vertical mixing within the deepening boundary layer intensified. The quasi-Lagrangian observations are compared with the fifth-generation global reanalysis (ERA5) and the Copernicus Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA). Compared to these observations, the mean absolute errors of ERA5 versus CARRA data are 14 % higher for air temperature over sea ice (1.14 K versus 1.00 K) and 62 % higher for specific humidity over ice-free ocean (0.112 <span class="inline-formula">g kg<sup>−1</sup></span> versus 0.069 <span class="inline-formula">g kg<sup>−1</sup></span>). We relate these differences to issues with the representation of the marginal ice zone and corresponding surface fluxes in ERA5, as well as the cloud scheme producing excess liquid-bearing, precipitating clouds, which causes a too-dry marine boundary layer. CARRA's high spatial resolution and demonstrated higher fidelity towards observations make it a promising candidate for further studies on Arctic air mass transformations.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/3883/2024/acp-24-3883-2024.pdf |
| spellingShingle | B. Kirbus I. Schirmacher M. Klingebiel M. Schäfer A. Ehrlich N. Slättberg J. Lucke J. Lucke M. Moser H. Müller M. Wendisch Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses |
| title_full | Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses |
| title_fullStr | Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses |
| title_short | Thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold-air outbreak during HALO-(AC)<sup>3</sup>: quasi-Lagrangian observations compared to the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses |
| title_sort | thermodynamic and cloud evolution in a cold air outbreak during halo ac sup 3 sup quasi lagrangian observations compared to the era5 and carra reanalyses |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/3883/2024/acp-24-3883-2024.pdf |
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