Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important com...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/3/699 |
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| author | Manish Dhawan Ali A. Rabaan Sara Alwarthan Mashael Alhajri Muhammad A. Halwani Amer Alshengeti Mustafa A. Najim Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Ahmad A. Alshehri Saleh A. Alshamrani Bashayer M. AlShehail Mohammed Garout Saleh Al-Abdulhadi Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Nanamika Thakur Geetika Verma |
| author_facet | Manish Dhawan Ali A. Rabaan Sara Alwarthan Mashael Alhajri Muhammad A. Halwani Amer Alshengeti Mustafa A. Najim Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Ahmad A. Alshehri Saleh A. Alshamrani Bashayer M. AlShehail Mohammed Garout Saleh Al-Abdulhadi Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Nanamika Thakur Geetika Verma |
| author_sort | Manish Dhawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components of the immune system, which decide the fate of the COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have reported an important subset of T cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which possess immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties and play a crucial role in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients have considerably fewer Tregs than the general population. Such a decrement may have an impact on COVID-19 patients in a number of ways, including diminishing the effect of inflammatory inhibition, creating an inequality in the Treg/Th17 percentage, and raising the chance of respiratory failure. Having fewer Tregs may enhance the likelihood of long COVID development in addition to contributing to the disease’s poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident Tregs provide tissue repair in addition to immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory activities, which may aid in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. The severity of the illness is also linked to abnormalities in the Tregs’ phenotype, such as reduced expression of FoxP3 and other immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta. Hence, in this review, we summarize the immunosuppressive mechanisms and their possible roles in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, the perturbations in Tregs have been associated with disease severity. The roles of Tregs are also explained in the long COVID. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic roles of Tregs in the management of patients with COVID-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:47:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9bd0b097d7a6438e97deacd16f89be59 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:47:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-9bd0b097d7a6438e97deacd16f89be592023-11-17T14:19:46ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-03-0111369910.3390/vaccines11030699Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVIDManish Dhawan0Ali A. Rabaan1Sara Alwarthan2Mashael Alhajri3Muhammad A. Halwani4Amer Alshengeti5Mustafa A. Najim6Ameen S. S. Alwashmi7Ahmad A. Alshehri8Saleh A. Alshamrani9Bashayer M. AlShehail10Mohammed Garout11Saleh Al-Abdulhadi12Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed13Nanamika Thakur14Geetika Verma15Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, IndiaMolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41411, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaPharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi ArabiaSpecialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi ArabiaUniversity Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, IndiaDepartment of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, IndiaThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components of the immune system, which decide the fate of the COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have reported an important subset of T cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which possess immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties and play a crucial role in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients have considerably fewer Tregs than the general population. Such a decrement may have an impact on COVID-19 patients in a number of ways, including diminishing the effect of inflammatory inhibition, creating an inequality in the Treg/Th17 percentage, and raising the chance of respiratory failure. Having fewer Tregs may enhance the likelihood of long COVID development in addition to contributing to the disease’s poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident Tregs provide tissue repair in addition to immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory activities, which may aid in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. The severity of the illness is also linked to abnormalities in the Tregs’ phenotype, such as reduced expression of FoxP3 and other immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta. Hence, in this review, we summarize the immunosuppressive mechanisms and their possible roles in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, the perturbations in Tregs have been associated with disease severity. The roles of Tregs are also explained in the long COVID. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic roles of Tregs in the management of patients with COVID-19.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/3/699COVID-19immune responseSARS-CoV-2T regulatory cells (Tregs)long COVIDtherapeutics |
| spellingShingle | Manish Dhawan Ali A. Rabaan Sara Alwarthan Mashael Alhajri Muhammad A. Halwani Amer Alshengeti Mustafa A. Najim Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Ahmad A. Alshehri Saleh A. Alshamrani Bashayer M. AlShehail Mohammed Garout Saleh Al-Abdulhadi Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed Nanamika Thakur Geetika Verma Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID Vaccines COVID-19 immune response SARS-CoV-2 T regulatory cells (Tregs) long COVID therapeutics |
| title | Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID |
| title_full | Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID |
| title_fullStr | Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID |
| title_short | Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID |
| title_sort | regulatory t cells tregs and covid 19 unveiling the mechanisms and therapeutic potentialities with a special focus on long covid |
| topic | COVID-19 immune response SARS-CoV-2 T regulatory cells (Tregs) long COVID therapeutics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/3/699 |
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