Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras
We report here ecological and morphological characterization of the main Old World Equus in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, by comparing the studied fossil forms with the living Equus grevyi zebra. Equus simplicidens from North America, Equus livenzovenzis, Equus stenonis, and Equus stehlin...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00166/full |
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| author | Raymond L. Bernor Raymond L. Bernor Omar Cirilli Omar Cirilli Advait M. Jukar Richard Potts Maia Buskianidze Lorenzo Rook |
| author_facet | Raymond L. Bernor Raymond L. Bernor Omar Cirilli Omar Cirilli Advait M. Jukar Richard Potts Maia Buskianidze Lorenzo Rook |
| author_sort | Raymond L. Bernor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We report here ecological and morphological characterization of the main Old World Equus in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, by comparing the studied fossil forms with the living Equus grevyi zebra. Equus simplicidens from North America, Equus livenzovenzis, Equus stenonis, and Equus stehlini from Italy, Equus sivalensis from India, Equus cf. stenonis and a small Equus from Georgia (Caucasus), Equus oldowayensis, Equus koobiforensis, and Equus cf. tabeti from Kenya and the extant Equus grevyi are described in their cranial and dental features and are compared in morphological postcranial dimensions by means of log10 ratio analysis. The occurrence of the two horses at the Dmanisi Homo site in Georgia is reported here for the first time. Our comparative analyses allow to confirm the primitive lineage of the ancient zebras as derived from Equus simplicidens, and the successive evolution of the stenonine horses in Asia, South Asia, and Europe during the Plio—Pleistocene. The morphological analysis has reveals a clear trend in third metacarpals and third metatarsals of E. simpicidens, the small Equus from Dmanisi and E. grevyi, suggesting a close relationship between these species. The trend of the stenonine Equus from Europe and Asia confirms the possible derivation from the North America Equus simplicidens. The description of all the Old World Equus is integrated with an overview of their paleoecological context, with a referred section for each locality where these fossils were found. This contribution represents a comprehensive review of the present knowledge of the Old World Equus evolutionary history, with some new important data in deciphering the deep origin and evolution of ancient and living zebras. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T17:20:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9be33f3de3904c70985712745f2beab3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-701X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T17:20:28Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-9be33f3de3904c70985712745f2beab32022-12-21T18:56:10ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution2296-701X2019-05-01710.3389/fevo.2019.00166451121Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African ZebrasRaymond L. Bernor0Raymond L. Bernor1Omar Cirilli2Omar Cirilli3Advait M. Jukar4Richard Potts5Maia Buskianidze6Lorenzo Rook7Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United StatesHuman Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United StatesDottorato di Ricerca in Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United StatesHuman Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United StatesGeorgian National Museum, Tbilisi, GeorgiaDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, ItalyWe report here ecological and morphological characterization of the main Old World Equus in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, by comparing the studied fossil forms with the living Equus grevyi zebra. Equus simplicidens from North America, Equus livenzovenzis, Equus stenonis, and Equus stehlini from Italy, Equus sivalensis from India, Equus cf. stenonis and a small Equus from Georgia (Caucasus), Equus oldowayensis, Equus koobiforensis, and Equus cf. tabeti from Kenya and the extant Equus grevyi are described in their cranial and dental features and are compared in morphological postcranial dimensions by means of log10 ratio analysis. The occurrence of the two horses at the Dmanisi Homo site in Georgia is reported here for the first time. Our comparative analyses allow to confirm the primitive lineage of the ancient zebras as derived from Equus simplicidens, and the successive evolution of the stenonine horses in Asia, South Asia, and Europe during the Plio—Pleistocene. The morphological analysis has reveals a clear trend in third metacarpals and third metatarsals of E. simpicidens, the small Equus from Dmanisi and E. grevyi, suggesting a close relationship between these species. The trend of the stenonine Equus from Europe and Asia confirms the possible derivation from the North America Equus simplicidens. The description of all the Old World Equus is integrated with an overview of their paleoecological context, with a referred section for each locality where these fossils were found. This contribution represents a comprehensive review of the present knowledge of the Old World Equus evolutionary history, with some new important data in deciphering the deep origin and evolution of ancient and living zebras.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00166/fullEquusevolutionAfrican zebrasNorth Americaold worldPlio–Pleistocene |
| spellingShingle | Raymond L. Bernor Raymond L. Bernor Omar Cirilli Omar Cirilli Advait M. Jukar Richard Potts Maia Buskianidze Lorenzo Rook Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Equus evolution African zebras North America old world Plio–Pleistocene |
| title | Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras |
| title_full | Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras |
| title_fullStr | Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras |
| title_short | Evolution of Early Equus in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the Origins of African Zebras |
| title_sort | evolution of early equus in italy georgia the indian subcontinent east africa and the origins of african zebras |
| topic | Equus evolution African zebras North America old world Plio–Pleistocene |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00166/full |
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