How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review
The proper functioning of the human organism is dependent on a number of factors. The health condition of the organism can be often enhanced through appropriate supplementation, as well as the application of certain biological agents. Probiotics, i.e., live microorganisms that exert a beneficial eff...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-04-01
|
| Series: | Nutrients |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/9/1700 |
| _version_ | 1797503460643438592 |
|---|---|
| author | Anna Zawistowska-Rojek Stefan Tyski |
| author_facet | Anna Zawistowska-Rojek Stefan Tyski |
| author_sort | Anna Zawistowska-Rojek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The proper functioning of the human organism is dependent on a number of factors. The health condition of the organism can be often enhanced through appropriate supplementation, as well as the application of certain biological agents. Probiotics, i.e., live microorganisms that exert a beneficial effect on the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts, are often used in commonly available dietary supplements or functional foods, such as yoghurts. Specific strains of microorganisms, administered in appropriate amounts, may find application in the treatment of conditions such as various types of diarrhoea (viral, antibiotic-related, caused by <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>), irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, or allergic disorders. In contrast, live microorganisms capable of exerting influence on the nervous system and mental health through interactions with the gut microbiome are referred to as psychobiotics. Live microbes are often used in combination with prebiotics to form synbiotics, which stimulate growth and/or activate the metabolism of the healthy gut microbiome. Prebiotics may serve as a substrate for the growth of probiotic strains or fermentation processes. Compared to prebiotic substances, probiotic microorganisms are more tolerant of environmental conditions, such as oxygenation, pH, or temperature in a given organism. It is also worth emphasizing that the health of the host may be influenced not only by live microorganisms, but also by their metabolites or cell components, which are referred to as postbiotics and paraprobiotics. This work presents the mechanisms of action employed by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, paraprobiotics, and psychobiotics, together with the results of studies confirming their effectiveness and impact on consumer health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:50:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9be81d13c48148058ec89d40a7fba190 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:50:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-9be81d13c48148058ec89d40a7fba1902023-11-23T08:57:13ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-04-01149170010.3390/nu14091700How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative ReviewAnna Zawistowska-Rojek0Stefan Tyski1Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, PolandThe proper functioning of the human organism is dependent on a number of factors. The health condition of the organism can be often enhanced through appropriate supplementation, as well as the application of certain biological agents. Probiotics, i.e., live microorganisms that exert a beneficial effect on the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts, are often used in commonly available dietary supplements or functional foods, such as yoghurts. Specific strains of microorganisms, administered in appropriate amounts, may find application in the treatment of conditions such as various types of diarrhoea (viral, antibiotic-related, caused by <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>), irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, or allergic disorders. In contrast, live microorganisms capable of exerting influence on the nervous system and mental health through interactions with the gut microbiome are referred to as psychobiotics. Live microbes are often used in combination with prebiotics to form synbiotics, which stimulate growth and/or activate the metabolism of the healthy gut microbiome. Prebiotics may serve as a substrate for the growth of probiotic strains or fermentation processes. Compared to prebiotic substances, probiotic microorganisms are more tolerant of environmental conditions, such as oxygenation, pH, or temperature in a given organism. It is also worth emphasizing that the health of the host may be influenced not only by live microorganisms, but also by their metabolites or cell components, which are referred to as postbiotics and paraprobiotics. This work presents the mechanisms of action employed by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, paraprobiotics, and psychobiotics, together with the results of studies confirming their effectiveness and impact on consumer health.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/9/1700probioticprebioticsynbioticpostbioticparaprobioticpsychobiotic |
| spellingShingle | Anna Zawistowska-Rojek Stefan Tyski How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review Nutrients probiotic prebiotic synbiotic postbiotic paraprobiotic psychobiotic |
| title | How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review |
| title_full | How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review |
| title_fullStr | How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review |
| title_short | How to Improve Health with Biological Agents—Narrative Review |
| title_sort | how to improve health with biological agents narrative review |
| topic | probiotic prebiotic synbiotic postbiotic paraprobiotic psychobiotic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/9/1700 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT annazawistowskarojek howtoimprovehealthwithbiologicalagentsnarrativereview AT stefantyski howtoimprovehealthwithbiologicalagentsnarrativereview |