The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA)
Megan McCrohan,1,* Linnea Nierenberg,1,* Patrick Karabon,2 Tracy Wunderlich-Barillas,2 Alexandra Halalau1,3 1Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA; 2Office of Research, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA; 3I...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2021-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of General Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/the-impact-of-disparities-in-social-determinants-of-health-on-hospital-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM |
| _version_ | 1818858612523532288 |
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| author | McCrohan M Nierenberg L Karabon P Wunderlich-Barillas T Halalau A |
| author_facet | McCrohan M Nierenberg L Karabon P Wunderlich-Barillas T Halalau A |
| author_sort | McCrohan M |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Megan McCrohan,1,* Linnea Nierenberg,1,* Patrick Karabon,2 Tracy Wunderlich-Barillas,2 Alexandra Halalau1,3 1Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA; 2Office of Research, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA; 3Internal Medicine Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Linnea Nierenberg Email nierenberglinnea@gmail.comImportance: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the health-care system in the United States and has brought further light on health disparities within it. However, only a few studies have examined hospitalization risk with regard to social determinants of health.Objective: We aimed to identify how health disparities affect hospitalization rates among patients with COVID-19.Design: This observational study included all individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 from February 25, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Uni- and multivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate associations between demographic data and inpatient versus outpatient status for patients with COVID-19.Setting: Multicenter (8 hospitals), largest size health system in Southeast Michigan, a region highly impacted by the pandemic.Participants: All outpatients and inpatients with a positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 on nasopharyngeal swab were included. Exclusion criteria included missing demographic data or status as a non-permanent Michigan resident.Exposure: Patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided in 2 groups: outpatients and inpatients.Main Outcome and Measures: We described the comparative demographics and known disparities associated with hospitalization status.Results: Of 30,292 individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 34.01% were admitted to the hospital. White or Caucasian race was most prevalent (57.49%), and 23.35% were African-American. The most common ethnicity was non-Hispanic or Latino (70.48%). English was the primary language for the majority of patients (91.60%). Private insurance holders made up 71.11% of the sample. Within the hospitalized patients, lower socioeconomic status, African-American race and Hispanic and Latino ethnicity, non-English speaking status, and Medicare and Medicaid were more likely to be admitted to the hospital.Conclusions and Relevance: Several health disparities were associated with greater rates of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Addressing these inequalities from an individual to system level may improve health-care outcomes for those with health disparities and COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19, hospitalization, social determinants of health, disparities |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T08:59:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9c09d30037f04fb2bbdd95104db272bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-7074 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T08:59:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of General Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-9c09d30037f04fb2bbdd95104db272bc2022-12-21T20:28:31ZengDove Medical PressInternational Journal of General Medicine1178-70742021-11-01Volume 147681768670293The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA)McCrohan MNierenberg LKarabon PWunderlich-Barillas THalalau AMegan McCrohan,1,* Linnea Nierenberg,1,* Patrick Karabon,2 Tracy Wunderlich-Barillas,2 Alexandra Halalau1,3 1Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA; 2Office of Research, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA; 3Internal Medicine Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Linnea Nierenberg Email nierenberglinnea@gmail.comImportance: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the health-care system in the United States and has brought further light on health disparities within it. However, only a few studies have examined hospitalization risk with regard to social determinants of health.Objective: We aimed to identify how health disparities affect hospitalization rates among patients with COVID-19.Design: This observational study included all individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 from February 25, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Uni- and multivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate associations between demographic data and inpatient versus outpatient status for patients with COVID-19.Setting: Multicenter (8 hospitals), largest size health system in Southeast Michigan, a region highly impacted by the pandemic.Participants: All outpatients and inpatients with a positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 on nasopharyngeal swab were included. Exclusion criteria included missing demographic data or status as a non-permanent Michigan resident.Exposure: Patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided in 2 groups: outpatients and inpatients.Main Outcome and Measures: We described the comparative demographics and known disparities associated with hospitalization status.Results: Of 30,292 individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 34.01% were admitted to the hospital. White or Caucasian race was most prevalent (57.49%), and 23.35% were African-American. The most common ethnicity was non-Hispanic or Latino (70.48%). English was the primary language for the majority of patients (91.60%). Private insurance holders made up 71.11% of the sample. Within the hospitalized patients, lower socioeconomic status, African-American race and Hispanic and Latino ethnicity, non-English speaking status, and Medicare and Medicaid were more likely to be admitted to the hospital.Conclusions and Relevance: Several health disparities were associated with greater rates of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Addressing these inequalities from an individual to system level may improve health-care outcomes for those with health disparities and COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19, hospitalization, social determinants of health, disparitieshttps://www.dovepress.com/the-impact-of-disparities-in-social-determinants-of-health-on-hospital-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGMcovid-19hospitalizationsocial determinants of healthdisparities |
| spellingShingle | McCrohan M Nierenberg L Karabon P Wunderlich-Barillas T Halalau A The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA) International Journal of General Medicine covid-19 hospitalization social determinants of health disparities |
| title | The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA) |
| title_full | The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA) |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA) |
| title_short | The Impact of Disparities in Social Determinants of Health on Hospitalization Rates for Patients with COVID-19 in Michigan (USA) |
| title_sort | impact of disparities in social determinants of health on hospitalization rates for patients with covid 19 in michigan usa |
| topic | covid-19 hospitalization social determinants of health disparities |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/the-impact-of-disparities-in-social-determinants-of-health-on-hospital-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM |
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